Gabriel Taylor
Anki

Master Deck

Here is my growing Anki deck that I use to memorize ever more useless facts.

Cards: 895 Export: v3 New: 98Learning: 0Review: 797Relearning: 0Unknown: 0 Updated

Just surfaced

8
Recently introduced cards (low review count)
Review
Master Deck::Ultimate Geography · seen Mar 23 · 3 reviews
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Location
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Saudi Arabia
Location
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Master Deck::Ultimate Geography · seen Mar 23 · 3 reviews
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Location
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Nepal
Location
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Master Deck::Ultimate Geography · seen Mar 23 · 2 reviews
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Pakistan
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Master Deck::Ultimate Geography · seen Mar 23 · 3 reviews
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Oman
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Master Deck::Ultimate Geography · seen Mar 23 · 3 reviews
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Location
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Malaysia
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Master Deck::Ultimate Geography · seen Mar 23 · 3 reviews
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Myanmar
Also known as Burma.
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Master Deck::Ultimate Geography · seen Mar 23 · 2 reviews
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Mongolia
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Master Deck::Ultimate Geography · seen Mar 23 · 3 reviews
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Kuwait
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Most reviewed

8
A sample of cards with the most total reviews
Review
Master Deck::Colors · 58 reviews · 15 lapses
Answer
beige
[anki:play:a:0]
Beige is variously described as a pale sandy fawn color, a grayish tan, a light-grayish yellowish brown, or a pale to grayish yellow. 
  • It takes its name from French, where the word originally meant natural wool that has been neither bleached nor dyed, hence also the color of natural wool. 
  • It has come to be used to describe a variety of light tints chosen for their neutral or pale warm appearance.


Review
Master Deck::Colors · 53 reviews · 14 lapses
Answer
cobalt blue
[anki:play:a:0]
Cobalt blue is a blue pigment made by sintering cobalt(II) oxide with aluminum(III) oxide (alumina) at 1200 °C. Chemically, cobalt blue pigment is cobalt(II) oxide-aluminium oxide, or cobalt(II) aluminate, CoAl2O4. Cobalt blue is lighter and less intense than the (iron-cyanide based) pigment Prussian blue. It is extremely stable and historically, has been used as a coloring agent in ceramics (especially Chinese porcelain), jewelry, and paint. Transparent glasses are tinted with the silica-based cobalt pigment smalt.

Review
Master Deck::Colors · 48 reviews · 14 lapses
Answer
mahogany
[anki:play:a:0]
Mahogany is a reddish-brown color. 
  • It is approximately the color of the wood mahogany. However, the wood itself, like most woods, is not uniformly the same color and is not recognized as a color by most.

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Master Deck::Colors · 48 reviews · 13 lapses
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sapphire
[anki:play:a:0]
Sapphire is a saturated shade of blue, referring to the gem of the same name. Sapphire gems (α-Al2O3) are most commonly found in a range of blue shades although they can be many different colors. Other names for variations of the color sapphire are blue sapphire or sapphire blue, shown below.


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Master Deck::Colors · 46 reviews · 8 lapses
Answer
peach
[anki:play:a:0]
Peach is a color that is named for the pale color of the interior flesh of the peach fruit. This name may also be substituted for "peachy." Like the color apricot, the color peach is paler than most actual peach fruits and seems to have been formulated (like the color apricot) primarily to create a pastel palette of colors for interior design.

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Master Deck::Colors · 44 reviews · 10 lapses
Answer
cosmic latte
[anki:play:a:0]
Cosmic latte is the average colour of the universe, found by a team of astronomers from Johns Hopkins University. In 2001, Karl Glazebrook and Ivan Baldry determined that the average color of the universe was a greenish white, but they soon corrected their analysis in a 2002 paper in which they reported that their survey of the light from over 200,000 galaxies averaged to a slightly beigeish white. The hex triplet value for cosmic latte is #FFF8E7.

Review
Master Deck::Colors · 43 reviews · 11 lapses
Answer
indigo
[anki:play:a:0]
Indigo is a deep and rich color close to the color wheel blue (a primary color in the RGB color space), as well as to some variants of ultramarine, based on the ancient dye of the same name. The word indigo comes from the Latin for "Indian", as the dye was originally imported to Europe from India.
It is traditionally regarded as a color in the visible spectrum, as well as one of the seven colors of the rainbow: the color between blue and violet; however, sources differ as to its actual position in the electromagnetic spectrum.


Review
Master Deck::Colors · 43 reviews · 9 lapses
Answer
ultramarine
[anki:play:a:0]
Ultramarine is a deep blue color pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder. The name comes from the Latin ultramarinus, literally "beyond the sea", because the pigment was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries.
Ultramarine was the finest and most expensive blue used by Renaissance painters. It was often used for the robes of the Virgin Mary, and symbolized holiness and humility. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic ultramarine was invented in 1826.

Mastered

8
Long-interval cards (reviewed less frequently)
Review
Master Deck::English Vocabulary · 9mo interval · 5 reviews
Nascent (adjective)
Answer
Nascent (adjective)
Emerging, developing, coming into existence, forming.

Nascent can be used to describe the birth of anything, including an idea, a newly formed group, or a movement. For example: “Her nascent idea for a new software application wasn’t completely thought out yet, but it had such incredible potential that investors were already lining up.”

Synonyms for nascent include incipient, burgeoning, embryonic, fledgling, and evolving.

Nascent comes from the Latin root nasc, which in turn comes from the Latin word nascor, meaning “to be born.” Another root from this Latin verb is nat. Related words that share this root and have something to do with birth include nativity, natal, prenatal, innate, native, and neonatal. 

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Master Deck::English Vocabulary · 9mo interval · 7 reviews
Malefactor (n.)
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Malefactor (n.)
A criminal; a person who violates the law.
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Master Deck::English Vocabulary · 9mo interval · 6 reviews
Erudite (adjective)
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Erudite (adjective)
Learned or scholarly; characterized by deep and extensive knowledge.

Derived from the Latin preposition ex (“out of”) and the Latin adjective rudis (“unpolished,
rough, unlearned”). Those who are erudite are literally “brought out of a rough, raw, unlearned state”—polished through education.

Synonyms for erudite include lettered, brainy, scholarly, and learned.
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Master Deck::English Vocabulary · 9mo interval · 5 reviews
Nihilism (noun)
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Nihilism (noun)
A belief in nothing.
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Master Deck::English Vocabulary · 9mo interval · 4 reviews
Fortitude (noun)
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Fortitude (noun)
Mental and emotional strength in facing difficulty, adversity, danger, or temptation courageously.
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Master Deck::English Vocabulary · 9mo interval · 5 reviews
Apostate (noun)
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Apostate (noun)
Someone who abandons his or her religion, political beliefs, principles, or cause.

The word comes from the Greek prefix apo-, meaning “away from,” and the Greek verb stenai, meaning “to stand.” In other words, an apostate “stands away from” his or her beliefs.

Synonyms and related words for apostate include backslider, defector, deserter, renegade, heretic, and turncoat.

apostle: apostle came from the Greek verb stellein, meaning “to send.” Thus, an apostle is a messenger “sent away” to spread the word
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Master Deck::English Vocabulary · 9mo interval · 6 reviews
Moxie (noun)
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Moxie (noun)
1. The ability to face difficulty with spirit and courage.
2. Aggressive energy, vigor, verge, and pep or skill and know-how.
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Master Deck::English Vocabulary · 8mo interval · 6 reviews
Lacuna (noun)
Answer
Lacuna (noun)
A gap or hole where something should be.

Lacuna is often used to refer to a missing section of a book that has been censored or to a part of an ancient text that has gone missing. For example: “Although the ancient manuscript was recovered, the notably large lacuna at the beginning made the text confusing.”

In medicine, lacuna can refer to a small cavity in an anatomical structure, such as a bone.

Lacuna comes from the Latin lacuna, meaning “hole or pit.” Related words include lake and lagoon
Colors
80 cards
New: 0Learning: 0Review: 80Relearning: 0Unknown: 0
Review
Answer
indigo
[anki:play:a:0]
Indigo is a deep and rich color close to the color wheel blue (a primary color in the RGB color space), as well as to some variants of ultramarine, based on the ancient dye of the same name. The word indigo comes from the Latin for "Indian", as the dye was originally imported to Europe from India.
It is traditionally regarded as a color in the visible spectrum, as well as one of the seven colors of the rainbow: the color between blue and violet; however, sources differ as to its actual position in the electromagnetic spectrum.


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fuchsia
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Fuchsia is a vivid purplish red color, named after the color of the flower of the fuchsia plant, which was named so by a botanist, Charles Plumier after the 16th century German botanist Leonhart Fuchs.


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teal
[anki:play:a:0]
Teal is a blue-green colour. 
  • Its name comes from that of a bird—the common teal (Anas crecca)—which presents a similarly colored stripe on its head. 
  • The word is often used colloquially to refer to shades of cyan in general.
  • Teal is a tertiary color on the RYB color model.


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magenta
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Magenta is a colour that is variously defined as purplish-red, reddish-purple or mauvish-crimson. On colour wheels of the RGB (additive) and CMY (subtractive) colour models, it is located exactly midway between red and blue. It is one of the four colours of ink used in colour printing by an inkjet printer, along with yellow, black, and cyan, to make all other colours. The tone of magenta used in printing is called "printer's magenta".
Magenta took its name from an aniline dye made and patented in 1859 by the French chemist François-Emmanuel Verguin, who originally called it fuchsine. It was renamed to celebrate the Italian-French victory at the Battle of Magenta fought between the French and Austrians on June 4, 1859, near the Italian town of Magenta in Lombardy.


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chartreuse
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Chartreuse is a color between yellow and green that was named because of its resemblance to the green color of one of the French liqueurs called green chartreuse, introduced in 1764. Similarly, chartreuse yellow is a yellow color mixed with a small amount of green that was named because of its resemblance to the color of one of the French liqueurs called yellow chartreuse, introduced in 1838.


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violet
[anki:play:a:0]
Violet is the color of light at the short wavelength end of the visible spectrum, between blue and invisible ultraviolet. It is one of the seven colors that Isaac Newton labeled when dividing the spectrum of visible light in 1672. Violet light has a wavelength between approximately 380 and 450 nanometers. The color's name is derived from the violet flower.


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cyan
[anki:play:a:0]
Cyan is a greenish-blue color. It is evoked by light with a predominant wavelength of between 490 and 520 nm, between the wavelengths of green and blue.

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beige
[anki:play:a:0]
Beige is variously described as a pale sandy fawn color, a grayish tan, a light-grayish yellowish brown, or a pale to grayish yellow. 
  • It takes its name from French, where the word originally meant natural wool that has been neither bleached nor dyed, hence also the color of natural wool. 
  • It has come to be used to describe a variety of light tints chosen for their neutral or pale warm appearance.


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khaki
[anki:play:a:0]
Khaki  is a color, a light shade of brown with a yellowish tinge. 
  • Khaki is an equal mix of sage and buff so it is considered a quinary color.
  • Khaki has been used by many armies around the world for uniforms, including camouflage. A khaki uniform is often referred to as khakis.
  • In Western fashion, it is a standard color for smart casual dress trousers for civilians, which are also often called khakis.

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taupe
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Taupe is a dark gray-brown color. The word derives from the French noun taupe meaning "mole". The name originally referred only to the average color of the French mole, but beginning in the 1940s, its usage expanded to encompass a wider range of shades.

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crimson
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Crimson is a strong, red color, inclining to purple. It originally meant the color of the kermes dye produced from a scale insect, Kermes vermilio, but the name is now sometimes also used as a generic term for slightly bluish-red colors that are between red and rose.


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maroon
[anki:play:a:0]
Maroon  is a dark brownish red or dark reddish color that takes its name from the French word marron, or chestnut. "Marron" is also one of the French translations for "brown".

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terracotta
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Terracotta is a colour that resembles terracotta pottery.



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mauve
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Mauve  is a pale purple color named after the mallow flower (French: mauve).
Mauve contains more gray and more blue than a pale tint of magenta. Many pale wildflowers called "blue" are actually mauve. Mauve is also sometimes described as pale violet.

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periwinkle
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Periwinkle is a color in the blue and violet family. Its name is derived from the lesser periwinkle or myrtle herb (Vinca minor) which bears flowers of the same color.
The color periwinkle is also called lavender blue. The color periwinkle may be considered a pale tint of blue or a "pastel blue".

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royal blue (web)
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Royal blue is both a bright shade and a dark shade of azure blue. It is said to have been created by clothiers in Rode, Somerset, a consortium of whom won a competition to make a dress for Queen Charlotte, consort of King George III.

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auburn
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Auburn hair is a variety of red hair, most commonly described as reddish-brown in color or dark ginger. Auburn hair ranges in shades from medium to dark. It can be found with a wide array of skin tones and eye colors. The chemical pigments that cause the coloration of auburn hair are frequently pheomelanin with high levels of eumelanin; however, the auburn hair is due to a mutated melanocortin 1 receptor gene in Northwestern European people and by a mutated TYRP1 gene in the Melanesians and Austronesians, both genes that reduce the melanin production of the hair cells.
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turquoise
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Turquoise is a blue/green color, based on the gem of the same name. The word turquoise comes from the French for "Turkish", as the gem was originally imported from Turkey. 


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cerulean
[anki:play:a:0]
Cerulean also spelled caerulean, is a shade of blue ranging between azure and a darker sky blue.
  • The word is derived from the Latin word caeruleus, "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from caerulum, diminutive of caelum, "heaven, sky".

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vermilion
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Vermilion  is both a brilliant red or scarlet pigment, originally made from the powdered mineral cinnabar, and the corresponding color. It was widely used in the art and decoration of Ancient Rome, in the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages, in the paintings of the Renaissance, as sindoor in India, and in the art and lacquerware of China.


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azure
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Azure is a bright, cyan-blue color named after the mineral azurite. It is often described as the color of the sky on a clear day.


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scarlet
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Scarlet is a brilliant red color, sometimes with a slightly orange tinge. In the spectrum of visible light, and on the traditional color wheel, it is one-quarter of the way between red and orange, slightly less orange than vermilion.

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burgundy
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Burgundy is a dark red color. 

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lilac
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Lilac is a color that is a pale violet tone representing the average color of most lilac flowers. It can also be described as dark mauve or light blue. The colors of some lilac flowers may be equivalent to the colors shown below as pale lilac, rich lilac, or deep lilac. However, there are other lilac flowers that are colored red-violet.

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ochre
[anki:play:a:0]
Ochre (from Ancient Greek: ὤχρα, from ὠχρός, ōkhrós, pale) is a natural clay earth pigment which is a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand. 
  • It ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. It is also the name of the colours produced by this pigment, especially a light brownish-yellow. 
  • A variant of ochre containing a large amount of hematite, or dehydrated iron oxide, has a reddish tint known as "red ochre" (or, in some dialects, ruddle).

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navy blue
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Navy blue is a very dark shade of the color blue.
Navy blue got its name from the dark blue (contrasted with naval white) worn by officers in the Royal Navy since 1748 and subsequently adopted by other navies around the world. When this color name, taken from the usual color of the uniforms of sailors, originally came into use in the early 19th century, it was initially called marine blue, but the name of the color soon changed to navy blue.

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coral
[anki:play:a:0]
The various tones of the color coral are representations of the colors of those cnidarians known as precious corals.

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cobalt blue
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Cobalt blue is a blue pigment made by sintering cobalt(II) oxide with aluminum(III) oxide (alumina) at 1200 °C. Chemically, cobalt blue pigment is cobalt(II) oxide-aluminium oxide, or cobalt(II) aluminate, CoAl2O4. Cobalt blue is lighter and less intense than the (iron-cyanide based) pigment Prussian blue. It is extremely stable and historically, has been used as a coloring agent in ceramics (especially Chinese porcelain), jewelry, and paint. Transparent glasses are tinted with the silica-based cobalt pigment smalt.

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lavender
[anki:play:a:0]
Lavender is a shade of purple. It applies particularly to the color of the flower of the same name. The color lavender might be described as a medium purple or a light pinkish purple. The term lavender may be used in general to apply to a wide range of pale, light or greyish purples but only on the blue side. Lilac is pale purple on the pink side. In paints, the colour lavender is made by mixing purple and white paint.

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amber
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The color amber is a pure chroma color, located on the color wheel midway between the colors of yellow and orange. The color name is derived from the material also known as amber, which is commonly found in a range of yellow-orange-brown-red colors; likewise, as a color amber can refer to a range of yellow-orange colors.

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puce
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Puce is a dark red or purple brown color, a brownish purple or a "dark reddish brown."
Puce is the French word for flea. The color is said to be the color of bloodstains on linen or bedsheets, even after being laundered, from a flea's droppings, or after a flea has been crushed.

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tiffany blue
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Tiffany Blue is the colloquial name for the light medium robin egg blue color associated with Tiffany & Co., the New York City jewelry company created by Charles Tiffany and John Young in 1837. The color was used on the cover of Tiffany's Blue Book, first published in 1845. Since then, Tiffany & Co. has used the color extensively on promotional materials like boxes and bags.

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sepia
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Sepia is a reddish-brown color, named after the rich brown pigment derived from the ink sac of the common cuttlefish Sepia. The word sepia is the Latinized form of the Greek σηπία, sēpía, cuttlefish.

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tyrian purple
Tyrian purple (Ancient Greek: πορφύρα porphúra; Latin: purpura), also known as Phoenician red, Phoenician purple, royal purple, imperial purple, or imperial dye, is a reddish-purple natural dye; the name Tyrian refers to Tyre, Lebanon. It is a secretion produced by several species of predatory sea snails in the family Muricidae, rock snails originally known by the name 'Murex'. In ancient times, extracting this dye involved tens of thousands of snails and substantial labor, and as a result, the dye was highly valued. The main chemical is '6,6′-dibromoindigo.



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ultramarine
[anki:play:a:0]
Ultramarine is a deep blue color pigment which was originally made by grinding lapis lazuli into a powder. The name comes from the Latin ultramarinus, literally "beyond the sea", because the pigment was imported into Europe from mines in Afghanistan by Italian traders during the 14th and 15th centuries.
Ultramarine was the finest and most expensive blue used by Renaissance painters. It was often used for the robes of the Virgin Mary, and symbolized holiness and humility. It remained an extremely expensive pigment until a synthetic ultramarine was invented in 1826.

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rose
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Rose is the color halfway between red and magenta on the HSV color wheel, also known as the RGB color wheel, on which it is at hue angle of 330 degrees. The etymology of the color name rose is the same as that of the name of the rose flower.

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sienna
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Sienna (from Italian: terra di Siena, meaning "Siena earth") is an earth pigment containing iron oxide and manganese oxide. In its natural state, it is yellowish brown and is called raw sienna. When heated, it becomes a reddish brown and is called burnt sienna. It takes its name from the city-state of Siena, where it was produced during the Renaissance. Along with ochre and umber, it was one of the first pigments to be used by humans, and is found in many cave paintings. Since the Renaissance, it has been one of the brown pigments most widely used by artists.

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cerise
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Cerise is a deep to vivid reddish pink.
The colour or name comes from the French word "cerise", meaning cherry.

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sky blue
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Sky blue is a colour that resembles the colour of the unclouded sky at noon (azure) reflecting off a metallic surface.

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ecru
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Ecru is the colour of unbleached linen.
  • Traditionally ecru was considered a shade of beige, but beginning in the 19th century it became more precisely defined as "a grayish yellow that is greener and paler than chamois or old ivory". 
  • Ecru comes from the French word écru, which means "unbleached".

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tan
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Tan is a pale tone of brown. The name is derived from tannum (oak bark) used in the tanning of leather.

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ivory
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Ivory is an off-white color that resembles ivory, the material from which the teeth and tusks of animals (such as, notably, the elephant and the walrus) is made. It has a very slight tint of yellow.

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peach
[anki:play:a:0]
Peach is a color that is named for the pale color of the interior flesh of the peach fruit. This name may also be substituted for "peachy." Like the color apricot, the color peach is paler than most actual peach fruits and seems to have been formulated (like the color apricot) primarily to create a pastel palette of colors for interior design.

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lime
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Lime is a color that is a shade of yellow-green, so named because it is a representation of the color of the citrus fruit called limes. It is the color that is in between the web color chartreuse and yellow on the color wheel. Alternate names for this color included yellow-green, lemon-lime, lime green, or bitter lime.

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heliotrope
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Heliotrope is a pink-purple tint that is a representation of the colour of the heliotrope flower.
Heliotropium  is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae. There are around 325 species in this almost cosmopolitan genus, which are commonly known as heliotropes. It is highly toxic for dogs and cats.


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olive
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Olive is a dark yellowish-green color, like that of unripe or green olives.

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umber
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Umber is a natural brown or reddish-brown earth pigment that contains iron oxide and manganese oxide. Umber is darker than the other similar earth pigments, ochre and sienna.
In its natural form, it is called raw umber. When heated (calcinated), the color becomes more intense, and then becomes known as burnt umber.
The name comes from terra d'ombra, or earth of Umbria, the Italian name of the pigment. Umbria is a mountainous region in central Italy where the pigment was originally extracted. The word also may be related to the Latin word ombra, meaning "shadow".


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salmon
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Salmon is a range of pinkish-orange to light pink colors, named after the color of salmon flesh. In Australia salmon is mostly orange.


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carmine
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Carmine color also known as Imperial and Latvian red, is the general term for some deep red colours that are very slightly purplish but are generally slightly closer to red than the colour crimson is.


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cornflower blue
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Cornflower blue is a shade of medium-to-light blue containing relatively little green compared to blue. This hue was one of the favorites of the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer.
The most valuable blue sapphires are called cornflower blue, having a medium-dark violet-blue tone.


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cosmic latte
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Cosmic latte is the average colour of the universe, found by a team of astronomers from Johns Hopkins University. In 2001, Karl Glazebrook and Ivan Baldry determined that the average color of the universe was a greenish white, but they soon corrected their analysis in a 2002 paper in which they reported that their survey of the light from over 200,000 galaxies averaged to a slightly beigeish white. The hex triplet value for cosmic latte is #FFF8E7.

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champagne
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The color champagne is a name given for various very pale tints of yellowish-orange that are close to beige. The color's name is derived from the typical color of the beverage Champagne.

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saffron
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Saffron is a shade of yellow or orange, the colour of the tip of the saffron crocus thread, from which the spice saffron is derived. Rajah is a bright deep tone of saffron.
The word saffron ultimately derives (via Arabic) from the Middle Iranian ja'far-. The name was used for the saffron spice in Middle English from c. 1200. As a colour name, it dates to the late 14th century.


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sapphire
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Sapphire is a saturated shade of blue, referring to the gem of the same name. Sapphire gems (α-Al2O3) are most commonly found in a range of blue shades although they can be many different colors. Other names for variations of the color sapphire are blue sapphire or sapphire blue, shown below.


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citrine
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Citrine is a colour, the most common reference for which is certain coloured varieties of quartz which are a medium deep shade of golden yellow.
The original reference point for the citrine colour was the citron fruit.


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copper
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Copper is a reddish brown color that resembles the metal copper.

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viridian
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Viridian is a blue-green pigment, a hydrated chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), of medium saturation and relatively dark in value. It is composed more of green than blue.
Viridian takes its name from the Latin viridis, meaning "green".

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aquamarine
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Aquamarine is a color that is a light tint of spring green, in between cyan and green on the color wheel. It is named after the mineral aquamarine (from Latin: aqua marina, "sea water"), a gemstone mainly found in granite rocks. The first recorded use of aquamarine as a color name in English was in 1598.


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cream
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Cream is the colour of the cream produced by cattle grazing on natural pasture with plants rich in yellow carotenoid pigments, some of which are incorporated into the fresh milk (specifically, the butterfat). This gives a yellow tone to otherwise-white milk at higher fat concentrations (so the colour of dairy cream could be considered partway between the colours of natural cow’s milk and butter). Cream is the pastel colour of yellow, much as pink is to red. By mixing yellow and white, cream can be produced.

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tawny
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Tawny (also called tenné) is a light brown to brownish-orange color.
The word means "tan-colored", from Anglo-Norman tauné .

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cordovan
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Cordovan is a rich shade of burgundy and a dark shade of rose. 
  • Cordovan takes its name from the city of Córdoba, Spain, where the production of cordovan leather was first practiced by the Visigoths in the seventh century. 
  • The term cordovan has come to describe the color of clothing, leather in particular; in this sense, the use of cordovan overlaps with that of oxblood.

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buff
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Buff (latin bubalinus) is the light brownish yellow colour of buff leather, an ochreous-like colour. Buff is a mixture of yellow ocher and white: two parts of white lead and one part of yellow ocher produces a good buff, or white lead may be tinted with French ochre alone.
It referred to the colour of undyed buffalo leather, such as soldiers wore as some protection.

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eggplant
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Eggplant is a dark purple or brownish-purple color that resembles the color of the outer skin of European eggplants. Another name for the color eggplant is aubergine (the French, German and British English word for eggplant).
The first recorded use of eggplant as a color name in English was in 1915.
The pinkish-purple-grayish color shown in the color box as eggplant was introduced by Crayola in 1998.

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spring green
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Spring green is a color included on the color wheel that is precisely halfway between cyan and green. 


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amaranth
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Amaranth is a reddish-rose color that is a representation of the color of the flower of the amaranth plant.
  • The color shown is the color of the red amaranth flower (the color normally considered amaranth), but there are other varieties of amaranth that have other colors of amaranth flowers.

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cardinal
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Cardinal is a vivid red, which may get its name from the cassocks worn by Catholic cardinals (although the color worn by cardinals is scarlet). 
The cardinal bird also takes its name from the cardinal bishops.

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slate gray
Slate gray is a gray color with a slight azure tinge that is a representation of the average color of the material slate. 
As a tertiary color, slate is an equal mix of purple and green pigments.
Slaty, referring to this color, is often used to describe birds.


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mahogany
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Mahogany is a reddish-brown color. 
  • It is approximately the color of the wood mahogany. However, the wood itself, like most woods, is not uniformly the same color and is not recognized as a color by most.

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plum
Plum is a purple color with a brownish-gray tinge, like that shown on the right, or a reddish purple, which is a close representation of the average color of the plum fruit.
As a quaternary color on the RYB color wheel, plum is an equal mix of the tertiary colors russet and slate.

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platinum
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Platinum is a color that is the metallic tint of pale grayish-white resembling the metal platinum.

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paris green
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Paris green (copper(II) acetate triarsenite or copper(II) acetoarsenite) is an inorganic compound. As a green pigment it is also known as Schweinfurt green, emerald green or Vienna green. It is a highly toxic emerald-green crystalline powder[3] that has been used as a rodenticide and insecticide,[4] and also as a pigment, despite its toxicity. It is also used as a blue colorant for fireworks.[5] The color of Paris green is said to range from a pale blue green when very finely ground, to a deeper green when coarsely ground.

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phthalo blue
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Phthalocyanine Blue BN, also called by many names (EINECS 205-685-1), is a bright, crystalline, synthetic blue pigment from the group of phthalocyanine dyes. Its brilliant blue is frequently used in paints and dyes. It is highly valued for its superior properties such as light fastness, tinting strength, covering power and resistance to the effects of alkalis and acids. It has the appearance of a blue powder, insoluble in most solvents including water.

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gamboge
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Gamboge is a partially transparent deep saffron to mustard yellow pigment. It is used to dye Buddhist monks' robes because it resembles the traditional colour used for the robes of Theravada Buddhist monks. It was this pigment that was used to prove Brownian motion by the physicist Jean Perrin in 1908.

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rust
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Rust is an orange-brown color resembling iron oxide. It is a commonly used color in stage lighting and appears roughly the same color as photographic safelights when used over a standard tungsten light source.
Rust is named after the resulting phenomenon of the oxidation of iron. The word 'rust' finds its etymological origins in the Proto-Germanic word rusta, which translates to "redness."

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forest green
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Forest green refers to a green color said to resemble the color of the trees and other plants in a forest.

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chocolate
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The color chocolate is a tone of dark brown that resembles chocolate. At right is displayed the color traditionally called chocolate.
This color is a representation of the color of the most common type of chocolate, milk chocolate.

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camel

Camel is a color that resembles the color of the hair of a camel.
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wine
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The color wine or vinous, vinaceous, is a dark shade of red. It is a representation of the typical color of red wine.

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orchid
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Orchid is a bright rich purple color that is a representation of the color of the flower of some members of the plant family orchidaceae.
Various tones of orchid may range from grayish purple to purplish-pink to strong reddish purple.
The word Orchid derives from the Greek word orchis which means testicle, after the appearance of the roots of plants of the genus Orchis.

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steel blue
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Steel blue is a shade of blue color that resembles blue steel, i.e., steel which has been subjected to bluing for protection from rust. It is one of the less vibrant shades of blue, and is usually identified as a blue-grey color.

Declaration of Independence
36 cards
New: 0Learning: 0Review: 36Relearning: 0Unknown: 0
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...a [...] to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
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...a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
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...a decent respect to the [...] requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
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...a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
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...a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which [...] them to the separation.
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...a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
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...accordingly all [...], that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable...
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...accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable...
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...accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to [...]...
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...accordingly all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable...
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...and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on [...] and organizing its powers in such form...
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...and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form...
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...and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in [...]...
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...and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form...
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...and to provide [...] for their future security.
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...and to provide new Guards for their future security.
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...and to provide new Guards for their [...].
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...and to provide new Guards for their future security.
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...it is their [...], it is their duty, to throw off such Government...
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...it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government...
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...it is their right, it is their [...], to throw off such Government...
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...it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government...
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...it is their right, it is their duty, to [...]...
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...it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government...
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...than to right themselves by [...] to which they are accustomed.
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...than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
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...than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are [...].
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...than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.
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...that they are endowed by their [...] with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
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...that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
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...that they are endowed by their Creator with certain [...], that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
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...that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
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...that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are [...].
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...that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
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...to assume among the powers of the earth, the [...] to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them...
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...to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them...
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...to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the [...] entitle them...
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...to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them...
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[...], indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes...
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Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes...
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But when a [...], pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism...
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But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism...
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But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under [...]...
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But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism...
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Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments [...] should not be changed for light and transient causes...
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Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes...
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Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for [...]...
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Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes...
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Such has been the [...] of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.
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Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.
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Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the [...] which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.
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Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.
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Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to [...].
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Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.
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That to secure these rights, [...] among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed...
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That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed...
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That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their [...] from the consent of the governed...
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That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed...
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That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the [...]...
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That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed...
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That whenever any Form of Government becomes [...] of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it...
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That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it...
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That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the [...]...
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That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it...
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We hold these truths to be [...], that all men are created equal...
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We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal...
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We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are [...]...
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We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal...
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When in the [...], it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another...
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When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another...
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When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to [...] which have connected them with another...
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When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another...
English Vocabulary
244 cards
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Abdicate (verb)
Answer
Abdicate (verb)
To renounce or relinquish a throne, right, power, or responsibility.

“to speak away”, originally meant to “disown and disinherit one’s children.”
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Ablution (noun)
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Ablution (noun)
The washing of one’s body, or part of it, especially as a religious ritual.

The second word part of ablution comes from the Latin verb luo, meaning “wash.” English words that contain the lu root often have something to do with washing, such as deluge, a torrential downpour.
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Abnegate (verb)
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Abnegate (verb)
1. To deny or renounce.
2. To relinquish power.

You’re more likely to hear of a queen abdicating the throne and a project manager abnegating responsibility.
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Abrogate (verb)
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Abrogate (verb)
1. To abolish by formal, authoritative action; to annul, repeal.
2. To treat as nonexistent; to do away with, set aside.

Abrogate is commonly used with its second sense, as in such phrases as “abrogating responsibility” or “abrogating one’s duty.”
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Absquatulate (verb)
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Absquatulate (verb)
To flee, abscond.

“When we returned to our campsite, we realized that the other hiker had absquatulated with most of our gear.”
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Acrophobia (noun)
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Acrophobia (noun)
Abnormal fear of heights.

Acrophobia comes from the Greek akros, meaning “at the end, the top, height, summit, or tip.” Related words include acrobatics and acropolis, a high, fortified area of a city.
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Adumbrate (verb)
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Adumbrate (verb)
1. To give a sketchy outline of; to suggest, disclose, or outline partially.
2. To foreshadow vaguely; to intimate.

“When quizzed by the English teacher, the student was able to briefly adumbrate the major themes in the novel."

"The first scene in the play, where she notices the new buds on the trees, adumbrates her spiritual rebirth in the second scene.”
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Agent provocateur (noun)
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Agent provocateur (noun)
A secret agent hired to incite suspected persons to illegal action that will make them liable to punishment.
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Agoraphobia (noun)
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Agoraphobia (noun)
Abnormal fear of open or public spaces.

In ancient Greek cities, the agora was an open area or central marketplace in a city, where citizens could assemble for various social, commercial, and religious activities. 
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Alacrity (noun)
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Alacrity (noun)
A quick and cheerful readiness and eagerness to do something.

Synonyms for alacrity include vivacity, animation, sprightliness, ebullience, get-up-and-go, vim and vigor, liveliness, zeal, avidity, and expedition.
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Antediluvian (adjective)
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Antediluvian (adjective)
1. Of or relating to the period before the biblical flood.
2. Very old-fashioned, out of date, antiquated, or primitive.
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Apocryphal (adjective)
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Apocryphal (adjective)
Of doubtful or dubious authenticity; false. 

Use the word apocryphal if you want to emphasize that a story or claim is not only probably false but also difficult to verify or find evidence for. 

Examples: But it is also probable that these apocryphal versions are based on a genuine original. 
This is the most important of all the apocryphal writings for the history of religious thought.

Originally, the Apocrypha were texts that were not included in the Bible because their authenticity could not be firmly established. Today, urban legends are often described as apocryphal because they are passed on by a “friend of a friend.”
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Apostate (noun)
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Apostate (noun)
Someone who abandons his or her religion, political beliefs, principles, or cause.

The word comes from the Greek prefix apo-, meaning “away from,” and the Greek verb stenai, meaning “to stand.” In other words, an apostate “stands away from” his or her beliefs.

Synonyms and related words for apostate include backslider, defector, deserter, renegade, heretic, and turncoat.

apostle: apostle came from the Greek verb stellein, meaning “to send.” Thus, an apostle is a messenger “sent away” to spread the word
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Argot (noun)
Answer
Argot (noun)
A specialized language characteristic of a particular group of people.
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Asperity (noun)
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Asperity (noun)
Roughness or harshness of surface, sound, climate, condition, manner, or temper.
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Avuncular (adjective)
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Avuncular (adjective)
1. Of or having to do with an uncle.
2. Resembling an uncle; friendly; helpful; kind, patient, and indulgent.
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Badinage (noun)
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Badinage (noun)
Light, playful banter; raillery.

Badinage comes from the French word badiner, meaning “to jest, joke.” It refers to good-natured teasing between people.

Synonyms for badinage include banter, back-and-forth, give-and-take, raillery, and repartee. A related word is riposte, which means “a quick, witty comeback; a sharp reply in speech or action; a counterstroke.” Riposte comes from fencing, where it refers to a quick thrust following a parry of an opponent’s lunge.
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Banal (adjective)
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Banal (adjective)
Lacking freshness and originality; trite; commonplace; so ordinary as to
have become tedious.

Banal is often used alongside such collocates as comments, observations, and remarks.

Synonyms for banal include trite, stale, threadbare, and hackneyed. 

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Bedlam (noun)
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Bedlam (noun)
A place or situation of noisy uproar and confusion.
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Bellicose (adjective)
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Bellicose (adjective)
Warlike, pugnacious, aggressively hostile. 

Example: Squirrels are restless, courageous and pugnacious little animals.

Bellicose shares the root bell with a number of other words, such as belligerence, antebellum, and rebellion. This root is from the Latin noun bellum, meaning “war.”

A good key word for the root bell is rebellion.

Belligerent is a close synonym for bellicose that shares the root bell and also means “warlike and aggressively hostile.”
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Berth (noun)
Answer
Berth (noun)
a ship's allotted place at a wharf or dock
or 
(of a passenger ship) provide a sleeping place for (someone).
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Bête noire (noun)
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Bête noire (noun)
A person or thing that is particularly disliked, dreaded, or avoided.
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Billingsgate (noun)
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Billingsgate (noun)
Foul, coarse, abusive language.
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Blandishment (noun)
Answer
Blandishment (noun)
Flattery that is designed to persuade a listener to do something.
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Bloviate (verb)
Answer
Bloviate (verb)
To talk pompously; to talk at great length in a pompous and boastful manner.

Bloviate is an Americanism that sounds like what it means. It is derived from blow, which brings to mind a blowhard who blows hot air.
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Bombast (noun)
Answer
Bombast (noun)
Pretentious, pompous, grandiloquent speech or writing.

We often see the adjective form of bombast, bombastic, used alongside the collocates prose, speech, and writing, as in such phrases as a politician’s bombastic speech or the author’s bombastic prose.

Synonyms:

Turgid comes from a Latin word meaning “to swell” and can refer to "swollen", overblown, inflated language or to physically swollen things, such as rivers.

Orotund comes from the Latin phrase ore rotundo, meaning “with rounded mouth,” and somewhat paradoxically, has either a positive or a negative connotation, depending on how it’s used. Orotund can be positive when referring to a resonant, booming voice and negative when referring to bombastic speech or writing.

Use verbose when you want to emphasize that the speech uses more words than needed. Another synonym for overly wordy language is prolix.

Use flowery when you want to describe language that includes overly ornate images and expressions.

Use pretentious when you want to emphasize language that is intentionally inflated to impress.
Review
Bowdlerize (verb)
Answer
Bowdlerize (verb)
To change a text by removing or modifying parts that could offend people.

It came from an English physician named Thomas Bowdler, who, in the early 19th century, decided that Shakespeare’s plays were too risqué to be appropriate for the public.

"every edition of his letters and diaries has been bowdlerized"
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Braggadocio (noun)
Answer
Braggadocio (noun)
1. A braggart.
2. Empty, arrogant boasting.

Yet knight he was not, but a boastfull swaine,
That deedes of armes had ever in despaire,
Proud Braggadocchio, that in vaunting vaine
His glory did repose, and credit did maintaine.
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Bravado (noun)
Answer
Bravado (noun)
A pretentious, swaggering display of courage intended to impress others.

Bravado refers to an outward display of bluster and false bravery used to cover up insecurity and fear.
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Brobdingnagian (adjective)
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Brobdingnagian (adjective)
Immense, enormous.
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Bromide (noun)
Answer
Bromide (noun)
A platitude or trite saying

Bromide originally referred to a sedative, specifically, a chemical compound of bromine and another metal. Of course, sedatives deaden and dull the senses, leading to the more figurative meaning of bromide: trite sayings that have become so overused they deaden our senses.

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Bumptious (adjective)
Answer
Bumptious (adjective)
Pushy; offensively or loudly self-assertive; cocky.

Bumptious describes a different type of arrogance than supercilious. With bumptious, the focus isn’t on scornful disdain but on the loud and pushy aspects of arrogance.

"an impossibly bumptious and opinionated ass"
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Bunk (noun)
Answer
Bunk (noun)
Foolish, untrue talk; nonsense.
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Cabal (noun)
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Cabal (noun)
1. A small group of people secretly working together.
2. A secret plot.

Cabal originally comes from Kabbala, a Jewish mystical method of interpreting scripture that became associated with the secret and the occult.
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Cachet (noun)
Answer
Cachet (noun)
Superior status, privilege.

“On the university campus, wearing North Face jackets and UGG boots carries a certain cachet among college students.”
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Caesura (noun)
Answer
Caesura (noun)
A break or pause.

In prosody—the study of poetic meter—and in musical composition, a caesura is a small pause in the middle of a line of verse or music.

Caesura is borrowed directly from the Latin noun caesura, which again, comes from the verb caedo, “to cut.”
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Callow (adjective)
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Callow (adjective)
Immature or inexperienced; lacking adult sophistication.

Callow is used to describe people who don’t have much life experience or don’t know how to behave like adults, as in the phrase callow youth.

Synonyms for callow include immature, untried, green, raw, unfledged, and unripened

Callow comes from the Old English word calu, meaning “bare, bald,” which was sometimes applied to young birds with no feathers.
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Calumny (noun)
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Calumny (noun)
A false accusation maliciously intended to destroy someone’s reputation.

“Instead of basing his attacks on the president’s actual policies, the candidate resorted to calumny to try to smear the chief executive’s reputation.”

The verb form of calumny is calumniate
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Canoodle (verb)
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Canoodle (verb)
1. To kiss and cuddle; pet, caress; fondle.
2. To coax; persuade or cajole; wheedle.

“It seems as if the main purpose of some of today’s reality TV is to show various couples canoodling.” 

“His success as a lobbyist could be attributed to his ability to canoodle politicians.”
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Capacious (adjective)
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Capacious (adjective)
Capable of containing a great deal; spacious and roomy.
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Captious (adjective)
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Captious (adjective)
Fault finding; hypercritical; difficult to please.
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Castigate (verb)
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Castigate (verb)
To punish, rebuke, or criticize severely. 

When you castigate someone, you are casting punishments and criticisms.
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Chutzpah (noun)
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Chutzpah (noun)
Personal confidence or courage; shameless audacity; impudence.

“Even though she shocks and comes across to some folks as rude, I admire her chutzpah; she speaks her mind and gets things done.”

Chutzpah comes from a Yiddish word meaning “impudence, gall.”

“that quality enshrined in a man who, having killed his mother and father, throws himself on the mercy of the court because he is an orphan.”

Synonyms for chutzpah include audacity, nerve, impudence, and insolence; related adjectives include brazen, brash, cheeky, and saucy.
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Circumlocution (noun)
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Circumlocution (noun)
Evasive, long-winded rambling or indirect speech. 
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Circumspect (adjective) 
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Circumspect (adjective) 
Cautious, prudent. 

Circumspect is a combination of circum (“around”) and spect (“look”). To remember this word, think of a cautious person “looking around” before he or she acts.

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Claptrap (noun)
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Claptrap (noun)
Pretentious nonsense; insincere speech.

English has at least 40 synonyms for claptrap, including sham, hokum, tripe, tosh, bosh, rubbish, humbug, poppycock, balderdash, blarney, bombast, babble, blather, twaddle, and many others.
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Cleave (verb)
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Cleave (verb)
1. To split or divide by cutting.
2. To stick closely to; to cling to.
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Commodious (adjective)
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Commodious (adjective)
Comfortably or conveniently spacious; roomy.
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Concatenation (noun)
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Concatenation (noun)
A series of things that are linked together.
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Contumacious (adj.)
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Contumacious (adj.)
Stubbornly disobedient and rebellious to authority; willfully obstinate.
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Coterie (noun)
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Coterie (noun)
A small, often select group of people who associate with one another frequently and share a common interest, background, or purpose.

Coterie has a similar meaning to cabal but without the added sense of secrecy and the connotation of treachery. For example: “A tightknit coterie of presidential advisors made all the important decisions in the administration.”

Synonyms and related words for coterie include sisterhood or brotherhood, society, troop, sect (often used to identify a religious group that may be exclusive and may deviate from mainstream religious traditions), faction (often a dissentious unit within a larger group), clique (a snobby, exclusive group), band, ring, circle, cadre, gang, and clan.

"a coterie of friends and advisers"
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Craven (adjective)
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Craven (adjective)
Very cowardly; abjectly afraid.

Someone described as craven is spineless or chickenhearted. Craven politicians, for instance, are afraid to stand up for what they believe and deserve no respect; indeed, their lack of heart inspires contempt. Use craven to describe cowardly people, actions, speeches, and decisions.
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Deduction (noun)
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Deduction (noun)
The process of reasoning in which a conclusion necessarily follows from the stated premises.
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Denude (verb)
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Denude (verb)
To lay bare; to strip; to make nude.

“The constant criticism by the captious boss denuded the small company of its once tightknit camaraderie.”
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Déshabille (noun)
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Déshabille (noun)
A state of being dressed in a very casual or even careless, disheveled, and disorderly style.
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Desuetude (noun)
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Desuetude (noun)
A state of disuse or inactivity.

You’ll often see desuetude used with its collocate, fall, to indicate that something gradually deteriorated into a state of disuse, as in: “fallen into desuetude.”

Desuetude comes from the Latin prefix de-, meaning “away from,” and the Latin verb suesco, meaning “to become accustomed.” If you neglect things for too long, you become unaccustomed to them, and eventually, they’re no longer useable. They fall into desuetude
through neglect.
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Detritus (noun)
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Detritus (noun)
Disintegrated or eroded matter; debris.

“The detritus of battle littered the city, with crumbled buildings and smoking hulks of vehicles everywhere.”

Both detriment and detritus ultimately come from the Latin verb detero, meaning “to wear away.” Something that is detrimental to your health, such as drinking too much, “wears away” at your health, and detritus is debris that’s been “worn away.”
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Dialect (noun)
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Dialect (noun)
A variety of a language often associated with a certain region or social class.
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Diaspora (noun)
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Diaspora (noun)
The movement, migration, or scattering of a people away from an established or ancestral homeland.

Diaspora comes from two Greek words, dia and speirein, that were joined together as a compound word meaning “to scatter across.”
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Didactic (adjective)
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Didactic (adjective)
Inclined to teach or moralize excessively.

Didactic carries with it a connotation of preachy and boring. For example: “The professor’s didactic lecture style was known for putting her students to sleep.”

Synonyms for didactic include preachy, donnish, and sermonize.

Pedantic is another synonym, but it has a slightly different meaning: characterized by a narrow, often ostentatious concern for book learning and formal rules. In other words, didactic emphasizes excessive teaching, while pedantic emphasizes excessive attention to trivia, often to show off.
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Dilettante (noun)
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Dilettante (noun)
A dabbler in the arts or some field of knowledge; often used in a pejorative sense.

Synonyms and related words for dilettante include amateur, dabbler, layperson, do-it-yourselfer, nonprofessional, rookie, and if you want to emphasize the “imposter” aspect of a dilettante, poser and pretender. 
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Diminuendo (noun)
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Diminuendo (noun)
A decrease in loudness or intensity.
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Discursive (adjective)
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Discursive (adjective)
Rambling from topic to topic, aimless, digressive.

The word discursive comes from the Latin verb discurro, which means “to run to and fro” or “to wander.”
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Dissemble (verb)
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Dissemble (verb)
To disguise or conceal behind a false appearance.

Dissemble is related to the English word resemble and comes from the Latin simulo, meaning “pretend, assume, simulate.”
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Dogmatic (adjective)
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Dogmatic (adjective)
Characterized by an authoritative, arrogant assertion of unproven ideas.
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Donnybrook
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Donnybrook
A free-for-all; a brawl; a scene of disorder and uproar.

Donnybrook is a suburb of Dublin that was known for an annual fair that incited a number of no-holds-barred, drunken, riotous brawls. The situation became so bad that the fair was banned in 1855. 

Synonyms:
* Melee: a confused, rowdy fight.
* Fracas: a noisy disturbance, a quarrel, an uproar, perhaps even a physical confrontation.
* Row: an upheaval, a freefor-all, a rumble. 

Milder synonyms: loggerheads, scrap, scuffle, flap, tussle, spat, dustup.

Confused situations: kerfuffle, imbroglio
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Draconian (adjective)
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Draconian (adjective)
Exceedingly harsh; very severe; cruel.
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Éminence grise (noun)
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Éminence grise (noun)
1. A powerful decision maker or advisor who operates behind the scenes.
2. An elder statesman or eminent senior member of a group.
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Eponym (noun)
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Eponym (noun)
A word derived from a person’s name.
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Equivocal (adjective)
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Equivocal (adjective)
Open to two or more interpretations, often with an intent to mislead or to be purposely vague.
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Ersatz (adj.)
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Ersatz (adj.)
Describes an inferior substitute

During World War II, British POWs were served ersatzbrot, or “substitute bread,” made from low-quality potato starch, flour, and even sawdust.
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Erudite (adjective)
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Erudite (adjective)
Learned or scholarly; characterized by deep and extensive knowledge.

Derived from the Latin preposition ex (“out of”) and the Latin adjective rudis (“unpolished,
rough, unlearned”). Those who are erudite are literally “brought out of a rough, raw, unlearned state”—polished through education.

Synonyms for erudite include lettered, brainy, scholarly, and learned.
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Esoteric (adjective)
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Esoteric (adjective)
Understood by only a select group.
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Evanescent (adjective)
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Evanescent (adjective)
1. Fleeting, of short duration, vanishing or likely to vanish.
2. Fragile, diaphanous, and unsubstantial.
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Execrate (verb)
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Execrate (verb)
1. To damn or denounce scathingly; curse.
2. To detest utterly, abhor, abominate, loathe.

Use execrate when you want to stress a denunciation filled with intense loathing, hatred, and passionate fury. 

Curse and damn both suggest angry denunciation by blasphemous oaths. Curse sometimes comes across as a bit more literary than damn. 

Use anathematize to describe a more formal, solemn, impassioned denunciation or condemnation, such as a denunciation by a priest from the pulpit. Anathematize is the verb form of the noun anathema, meaning, “something that is hated.”

Execrate comes from the Latin prefix ex-, meaning “out of, from, away,” and the Latin word sacro, meaning “to devote to, to mark as sacred.” Thus, execrate is literally “to take the sacred away,” or to curse.

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Exegesis (noun)
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Exegesis (noun)
An explanation or critical interpretation, especially of the Bible or another religious text.
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Exiguous (adjective)
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Exiguous (adjective)
Excessively scanty, inadequate, and meager.

Synonyms for exiguous include inadequate, hand-tomouth, scant, scarce, skimpy, spare, and sparse.

We often see exiguous used with one of several collocates: resources, supplies, finances, or evidence.
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Extirpate (verb)
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Extirpate (verb)
To pull up by the roots; to root out and destroy completely; to wipe out.

ex-, meaning “out,” 
stirps, meaning “a root, stock of a tree.”
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Facile (adjective)
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Facile (adjective)
Done or achieved with little effort or difficulty; easy; performed with effortless ease and fluency.

“A facile person has the facility to facilitate work.”
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Factitious (adj.)
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Factitious (adj.)
1. Made or manufactured; not natural.
2. Made up in the sense of contrived; a sham, fake, or phony.

(1) “The CIA agent hid his message inside the hollow factitious rock by the bridge; his handler would pick up the message a few hours later”
(2) “My dad's factitious smile didn't fool anyone; he was definitely not happy to see our cousins show up once again unannounced.”

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Factotum (noun)
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Factotum (noun)
Someone hired to do a variety of jobs; a jack-of-all-trades.

Tessa, the office factotum, does the bulling, answers the phones, helps out in the PR department, and even knows how to cook a mean blueberry scone—she’s indispensable!

From latin fac, to make or do, and totum, all.
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Feckless (adjective)
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Feckless (adjective)
1. Weak and ineffective.
2. Worthless, lazy, and irresponsible.
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Fin de siècle (noun phrase)
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Fin de siècle (noun phrase)
End of the century.

The phrase fin de siècle can be applied to the end of any century, but it is more commonly used to describe the end of the 19th century, particularly its culture of sophisticated despair and ennui. Here’s an example in which the word applies to that period: “Fin de siècle Vienna became a major hub for artists of the Secession movement.”
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Foment (verb)
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Foment (verb)
To stir up, incite, rouse, provoke, inflame, encourage, or instigate.

Foment is often used alongside its collocates riot, insurrection, and rebellion, as in, “A few hardcore guerillas attempted to foment a widespread insurrection against the brutal dictatorship.”
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Fortitude (noun)
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Fortitude (noun)
Mental and emotional strength in facing difficulty, adversity, danger, or temptation courageously.
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Fractious (adjective)
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Fractious (adjective)
Unruly; hard to manage; rebellious.

Fractious is close in meaning to one of our target words from an earlier lecture, contumacious, an adjective meaning stubbornly rebellious; willfully and obstinately disobedient.

The root fract in fractious is derived from the verb Latin frango, meaning “to break.”
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Frisson (noun)
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Frisson (noun)
An almost pleasurable sensation of fright.

Frisson came into English in the 1700s from the French word frisson, meaning “shiver, thrill,” which came from the Latin frigeo, “to be cold.”
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Fulminate (verb)
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Fulminate (verb)
1. To issue a thunderous verbal attack; to vehemently denounce.
2. To explode with sudden violence; to detonate.

Fulminate comes from the Latin word fulmen, meaning “a lightning flash"

Synonyms for fulminate include rail against, upbraid, denounce, lambaste, berate, castigate, and excoriate.
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Fulsome (adj)
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Fulsome (adj)
1. Excessively or insincerely lavish.
2. Abundant.

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Gadfly
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Gadfly
1. A persistently annoying person who questions, critiques, and pesters.
2. An insect that annoys livestock by biting and sucking their blood.

Informal synonyms for gadfly include nag, pest, and thorn in the side. Another wonderful synonym for gadfly is a word
borrowed from Yiddish, nudnik, meaning “a dull, boring pest.” 
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Gerrymander (noun/verb)
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Gerrymander (noun/verb)
noun: The act of dividing election districts to give one party an unfair advantage.
verb: To divide election districts unfairly.
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Gestalt (noun)
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Gestalt (noun)
A pattern possessing qualities as a whole that cannot be described merely as a sum of its parts.
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Glossophobia (noun)
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Glossophobia (noun)
Unreasonable fear of speaking in public.

Gloss or glot are two roots derived from the Greek word glossa, meaning “tongue.” This root is also seen in polyglot, a person who can speak many languages, as well as glottis, epiglottis, and glottal. 
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Gordian knot (noun phrase)
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Gordian knot (noun phrase)
An exceedingly complicated and intricate problem or deadlock; an intractable problem.


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Halcyon (adjective)
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Halcyon (adjective)
Tranquil, calm, and peaceful; may refer to happy, joyful, and prosperous times.

Collocates: halcyon days, halcyon times.

In Greek mythology, Alcyone was the daughter of Aeolus, the god of the winds. She was turned into a bird, the halcyon or kingfisher, which some believed brooded its eggs on a floating nest.
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Harrumph (verb)
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Harrumph (verb)
1. To make a pretentious show of clearing one’s throat.
2. To offer brief critical comments.

Tintinnabulation, susurration, and harrumph are all onomatopoeic; that is, they sound like the sounds they refer to: ringing bells, whispering, and ostentatious throat-clearing.
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Hobson’s choice (noun phrase)
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Hobson’s choice (noun phrase)
A choice between what is available and nothing; the absence of a real alternative.
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Hoi Polloi (noun)
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Hoi Polloi (noun)
The ordinary masses; the common people.

Hoi polloi is a transliteration of two Greek words that literally mean “the many.” 
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Homograph (noun)
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Homograph (noun)
One of two or more words that are spelled the same but have different pronunciations and meanings.
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Homonym (noun)
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Homonym (noun)
One of two or more words that are spelled and pronounced the same but carry different meanings.
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Hornswoggle (v.)
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Hornswoggle (v.)
To swindle, cheat, or dupe.

Two fun synonyms for hornswoggle are bamboozle and hoodwink.
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Hubris (noun)
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Hubris (noun)
Excessive pride or self-confidence; arrogance.

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Imbroglio (noun)
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Imbroglio (noun)
1. A state of great confusion and entanglement; a complicated, difficult, or embarrassing situation.
2. A complex misunderstanding, disagreement, or dispute—sometimes of a bitter nature.

Example: The curious imbroglio deceived royalists and republicans alike. 
He skilfully avoided entanglement in the Jackson-Calhoun imbroglio.

Imbroglio comes from an Italian word that means “to confuse” and is related to the English word embroiled, which means “thrown into a state of confusion.”  Also related to broil, broth, and brew.

Kerfuffle is a synonym for imbroglio of Scot-Gaelic origin; it also refers to a commotion, controversy, or fuss. Other synonyms include brouhaha, hullabaloo, hubbub, and hurly-burly


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Impetuous (adjective)
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Impetuous (adjective)
Acting or done quickly and without thought or care. Impulsive, reckless, hasty.
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Importune (verb)
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Importune (verb)
To harass with repeated requests; to demand of someone insistently.
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Inchoate (adjective)
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Inchoate (adjective)
1. Not completely formed or developed; only partly in existence.
2. Not organized; lacking order.

Both nascent and inchoate refer to the beginning stages of something, but inchoate, depending on how it’s used, sometimes emphasizes what is not present in the beginning stages, focusing on the more “lacking” aspects of a beginning. This is in contrast to nascent, which could stress the more developing, growing, positive aspects of the beginning stages.

“Her nascent idea for a new software application wasn’t completely thought out yet, but it had such potential that investors were already lining up.”

“Her inchoate idea for a new software application wasn’t completely thought out yet, which meant that she had a lot of work to do before investors lined up.”

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Indolent (adjective)
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Indolent (adjective)
Habitually lazy and slow; tending to avoid exertion.

Indolent is used to describe laggards, slackers, loafers, clockwatchers, do-nothings, malingerers, and procrastinators.

Synonyms for indolent include sluggish, idle, lackadaisical, languid, lethargic, listless, and slothful.
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Induction (noun)
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Induction (noun)
The process of inferring general principles from individual facts or instances.
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Ingénue (noun)
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Ingénue (noun)
1. An innocent, naïve girl or young woman.
2. A stock innocent character in a movie or play or the actress playing
such a character.
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Insidious (adjective)
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Insidious (adjective)
Intended to entrap, ensnare, or beguile; stealthily treacherous or deceitful.

This word is derived from the Latin insidere, meaning “to sit in or on.” Thus, insidious is used to describe a type of evil that works on the inside—an inside job that is secret, stealthy, and harmful.
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Insipid (adjective)
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Insipid (adjective)
Bland and lacking in flavor; lacking in interesting, exciting, or stimulating qualities.

Insipid is often used to describe food, as in the following sentence: “The novice chef left the roast in the oven too long, cooking out all the spices and rendering the meat insipid.” But the word can also apply to anything that lacks interest or excitement; for example: “The insipid, overly defensive style of both soccer teams resulted in a nil-nil draw and the most boring match the fans had seen in years.”

Synonyms for insipid include tasteless, bland, and flat. 
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Insouciant (adjective)
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Insouciant (adjective)
Free from concern, worry, or anxiety; carefree; nonchalant.
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Intrepid (adjective)
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Intrepid (adjective)
Resolutely fearless, dauntless.

Intrepid comes from the Latin in, meaning “not,” and trepidus, an adjective that means “alarmed, scared.” Trepidus is related to the Latin verb trepido, meaning “tremble.” Thus, to be intrepid is to not be alarmed or scared, to not tremble, even in the face of danger.
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Inure (verb)
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Inure (verb)
To become accustomed to something undesirable, such as hardship, difficulty, or pain; to toughen or harden; to habituate.

“Living in the wild for 30 years, the stoic hermit had become inured to cold and want.”
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Invidious (adjective)
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Invidious (adjective)
Creating ill will, envy; causing resentment; unfairly or offensively discriminating.

This word comes from the Latin invidia, meaning “envy.” 
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Jargon (noun)
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Jargon (noun)
Unintelligible or meaningless speech.
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Jeremiad (noun)
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Jeremiad (noun)
A long lamentation or complaint; a bitter lament; a scolding speech or sermon.

Jeremiad is named after the Old Testament prophet Jeremiah, who prophesied the imminent
downfall of the Kingdom of Judah.

Often, jeremiad refers to a bitter lament about the state of society, particularly one containing a prophecy of doom. For example: “Her article was yet another jeremiad describing and lamenting the decay of morals in today’s society.”
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Juggernaut (noun)
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Juggernaut (noun)
An overwhelming or unstoppable force that smashes everything in its path.
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Laconic (adjective)
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Laconic (adjective)
Using few words, terse, brief, succinct, taciturn, concise.
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Lacuna (noun)
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Lacuna (noun)
A gap or hole where something should be.

Lacuna is often used to refer to a missing section of a book that has been censored or to a part of an ancient text that has gone missing. For example: “Although the ancient manuscript was recovered, the notably large lacuna at the beginning made the text confusing.”

In medicine, lacuna can refer to a small cavity in an anatomical structure, such as a bone.

Lacuna comes from the Latin lacuna, meaning “hole or pit.” Related words include lake and lagoon
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Lagniappe (noun)
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Lagniappe (noun)
A small gift given by a storeowner to a customer; any small extra gift or benefit.
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Lilliputian (adjective)
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Lilliputian (adjective)
1. Very small, diminutive.
2. Trivial, petty.
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Lingua franca (noun)
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Lingua franca (noun)
A common language used by speakers of different languages to communicate.
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Luddite (noun)
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Luddite (noun)
Anyone who opposes the introduction of technological change.
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Machinations (noun)
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Machinations (noun)
Intrigues, plots, crafty schemes, or the act of plotting. 

In fact, the word political is by far the most common collocate
with machinations, as in political machinations. Devious,
corrupt, and evil are other adjectives commonly found before the
word machinations.
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Magnum opus (noun)
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Magnum opus (noun)
An artist’s greatest work.
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Maladroit (adjective)
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Maladroit (adjective)
Awkward, clumsy, tactless, or bungling.
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Malaise (noun)
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Malaise (noun)
A vague or indefinite feeling of unease or discomfort. 

As in economic malaise
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Malapropism (noun)
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Malapropism (noun)
A ridiculous and often humorous misuse of words, particularly words that sound similar but are different in meaning.
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Malcontent (noun)
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Malcontent (noun)
A person who is chronically dissatisfied. 

A great synonym for a complainer or whiner is a kvetcher. Kvetch is an Americanism from Yiddish that literally means “to squeeze, pinch, or press.” 
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Malediction (noun)
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Malediction (noun)
A curse; evil talk about someone; slander.
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Malefactor (n.)
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Malefactor (n.)
A criminal; a person who violates the law.
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Malfeasance (n.)
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Malfeasance (n.)
An illegal or harmful act, usually committed by a public official, that violates the public trust.
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Malinger (verb)
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Malinger (verb)
To fake or exaggerate illness, usually to avoid work.
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Manumit (verb)
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Manumit (verb)
To release from slavery or servitude.

Manumit comes from two Latin roots: man (“hand”) and mit, from the Latin verb mitto, meaning “send, let go, release.”
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Maudlin (adj.)
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Maudlin (adj.)
Foolishly, tearfully, and weakly sentimental; overly emotional.

Maudlin is derived from an alteration of the name Mary
Magdalene, one of the most prominent women described in the
New Testament. In the Middle Ages, Mary Magdalene was often depicted in paintings as a weeping, repentant sinner. This tearful image led to the current figurative meaning of maudlin—overly sentimental.

Synonyms and  related words for maudlin and sentimental include schmaltzy, gushing, drippy, and hokey. 
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Maunder (verb)
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Maunder (verb)
To talk aimlessly and incoherently.

Synonyms for maunder include babble and prattle, which means “to chatter meaninglessly and at length.”

Most sources state that maunder is probably related to, or a dialectical variant of, meander, which means “to wander aimlessly” and originally referred to winding rivers.
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Maw (noun)
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Maw (noun)
The mouth, throat, or gullet of an animal, particularly a carnivorous animal.

English has a large number of synonyms and related words for maw or mouth, including craw, gullet, jaws, muzzle, piehole, gob, yap, trap, chops, and kisser.
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Mawkish (adj.)
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Mawkish (adj.)
Excessively and objectionably sentimental.

Mawkish is another synonym for maudlin, but there is an important distinction in meaning between these two words. As described in Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Synonyms, mawkish is an adjective that emphasizes the sickening nature of the sentiment. In other words, mawkish sentiment is often disgusting and sickening because it’s so incredibly insincere or over the top.

Mawkish comes from the Middle English word
mawke, which means “maggot.”
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Mercurial (adjective)
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Mercurial (adjective)
1. Liable to sudden and unpredictable change; volatile; erratic.
2. Animated, lively, quick-witted.


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Misanthrope (noun)
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Misanthrope (noun)
Someone who hates and distrusts all people
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Mollycoddle (v.)
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Mollycoddle (v.)
To overindulge; to treat with excessive attention to the point of spoiling someone.

Coddle means to indulge and treat tenderly. Molly was originally a term of contempt for a man who pampered himself too much.
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Mordant (adjective)
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Mordant (adjective)
Bitingly sarcastic.

Someone who is mordant has the ability to drive home disagreeable truths in a
sardonic, caustic manner. Mordant comments imply insensitiveness or even outright maliciousness in intent. Thus, mordant is a bit nastier than trenchant.

Caustic is a close synonym for mordant.

Use acrid when you want to stress bitterness or even malevolence.

Scathing criticism, although fierce, can come from a good motive. In contrast, mordant criticism often implies ill intent.

From Latin mordeo, meaning “to bite, bite into; nip; sting.” Mordant is also related to the English word morsel, meaning “a small bite of something.”


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Moribund (adjective)
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Moribund (adjective)
1. Approaching death; coming to an end.
2. No longer effective or active; stagnant; not progressing or advancing.

Moribund comes from the Latin word morior, which means “to die.” This same Latin verb also gives us the fertile root mort. The following words are derived from this powerful root: mortal, immortal, mortality, mortuary, postmortem, mortify, and rigor mortis.
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Mot juste (noun)
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Mot juste (noun)
The exact, appropriate word or expression for a situation.
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Mountebank (noun)
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Mountebank (noun)
A flamboyant swindler; a flimflammer; someone who claims to be an expert but isn't.

Mountebank comes from an Italian phrase meaning to “mount a bench” and refers to a quack doctor or swindler, who would enter a town, mount a bench in the public square to draw a crowd, and try to sell fake potions to a susceptible public.
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Moxie (noun)
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Moxie (noun)
1. The ability to face difficulty with spirit and courage.
2. Aggressive energy, vigor, verge, and pep or skill and know-how.
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Mugwump (noun)
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Mugwump (noun)
1. A person, especially a politician, who is unable to make up his or her mind on an issue.
2. A person who remains neutral or independent on a controversial issue.
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Nascent (adjective)
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Nascent (adjective)
Emerging, developing, coming into existence, forming.

Nascent can be used to describe the birth of anything, including an idea, a newly formed group, or a movement. For example: “Her nascent idea for a new software application wasn’t completely thought out yet, but it had such incredible potential that investors were already lining up.”

Synonyms for nascent include incipient, burgeoning, embryonic, fledgling, and evolving.

Nascent comes from the Latin root nasc, which in turn comes from the Latin word nascor, meaning “to be born.” Another root from this Latin verb is nat. Related words that share this root and have something to do with birth include nativity, natal, prenatal, innate, native, and neonatal. 

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Nihilism (noun)
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Nihilism (noun)
A belief in nothing.
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Noisome (adjective)
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Noisome (adjective)
Offensive to the point of arousing disgust; foul, particularly in reference
to an odor. 

Noisome describes odors that are disgusting and distasteful; it also carries a second meaning of noxious, harmful, or unwholesome. Synonyms and related words for noisome include loathsome, offensive, disgusting, and to emphasize the decaying and rotting aspects of disgusting smells, fetid and putrid.


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Nonpareil (adjective)
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Nonpareil (adjective)
Without peer; having no equal.

Nonpareil comes from the 15th-century French words non (meaning “not”) and pareil (meaning “equal”). Combining these two yields “not equal,” meaning someone or something that is without equal.

Synonyms for nonpareil include matchless, peerless, inimitable, unrivaled, unsurpassed, and incomparable. 
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Obloquy (noun)
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Obloquy (noun)
1. Harshly critical speech or verbal abuse.
2. The disgrace that results from such abuse.

ob- “against, in opposition to.” Thus, obloquy is “speech made against others.”
"he endured years of contempt and obloquy"
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Obsequious (adjective)
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Obsequious (adjective)
Servile and fawning; overly deferential.

Obsequious contains the Latin root usually spelled sequ or sec and meaning “follow”; in other words, obsequious people follow others to gain their favor. This fertile root also gives us sequence, non sequitur, sequel, consecutive, persecute, second, sect, consequence, and subsequent.
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Oenophile (noun)
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Oenophile (noun)
A connoisseur or lover of wine.
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Officious (adjective)
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Officious (adjective)
Marked by excessive, often aggressive eagerness in offering unwanted advice, service, or help to others; meddlesome.
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Pablum (noun)
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Pablum (noun)
Trite, insipid, or simplistic writing, speech, or conceptualization.

Originally, pablum was the trademark name for a soft, bland, mushy, easy-to-digest cereal developed for infants and invalids in the 1930s.

Pablum was derived from the related word pabulum, which can refer to a nourishing substance or to insipid intellectual nourishment.

A wonderful synonym for pablum is pap. Like pablum, pap also originally referred to soft food for infants. “That white paper from the think tank is just intellectual pap.”
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Paean (noun)
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Paean (noun)
1. A joyous song or hymn of praise, thanksgiving, or triumph.
2. Speech or writing that expresses enthusiastic praise.

In ancient Greece, a paean was a hymn of invocation or thanksgiving to Apollo or another Greek deity. Today, the word is used more generally to refer to a hymn of praise or thanksgiving or to speech or writing that expresses praise.

Paean is often used for critical acclaim of books, plays, and movies, as in: “The play received a paean from the usually negative critics.”
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Palaver (noun)
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Palaver (noun)
1. Profuse and idle chit-chat; chatter; empty talk; nonsense.
2. Flattery and sweet talk used to persuade.

“The high school English teacher, annoyed at the incessant chattering in class, said, ‘Let’s put an end to this palaver and start our discussion of Macbeth.’”
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Panacea (n)
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Panacea (n)
a solution or remedy for all difficulties or diseases.
"the panacea for all corporate ills"
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Panegyric (noun)
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Panegyric (noun)
Formal or elaborate praise; specifically, a formal speech or writing that offers praise.

Panegyric refers to lofty, formal praise, such as that given in a speech. For example: “The general’s panegyric for his fallen soldiers moved everyone to tears.”

Synonyms and words related to panegyric include accolade, commendation, homage, tribute, and encomium.

Panegyric is derived from two Greek roots: pan (“all”) and agora (“marketplace”). The combination of the two yields the image of a formal speech of praise delivered to all those assembled in a public meeting place.
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Parricide (noun)
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Parricide (noun)
The murder of a parent or close relative.

English has many words containing this root, including suicide, homicide, matricide, patricide, infanticide, regicide, and the target word here, parricide.
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Patrician (noun/adjective)
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Patrician (noun/adjective)
noun:
1. Someone of refined upbringing, manners, and taste.
2. An aristocrat; a person of high rank or social class.

adjective: People or things that have the characteristics of the upper class.

“The city’s patricians used to have most of the money and power, but the growth of the middle class has all but ended that era in history.” 

“Her patrician tastes in music and dining were apparent from her frequent trips to the opera, the symphony orchestra, and only the finest restaurants in town.” 

The patricians were members of the original aristocratic families of ancient Rome. In contrast to the patrician class was the plebeian or working class. Today, plebeian is used as an antonym for patrician to refer to something that is common, lower class, or vulgar. 

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Peckish (adjective)
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Peckish (adjective)
1. Somewhat hungry.
2. Irritable, touchy.
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Perdition (noun)
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Perdition (noun)
Loss of the soul; eternal damnation; hell; utter ruin.
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Perfidious (adjective)
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Perfidious (adjective)
Treacherous, disloyal, and deceitful.

"The perfidious soldier switched sides during the war, revealing his commanding general’s strategy to the enemy."

Perfidious literally means “through or beyond the limits of faith.” A trusted friend who stabs you in the back goes beyond the limits of your faith.
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Pernicious (adjective)
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Pernicious (adjective)
Exceedingly harmful or destructive; deadly.
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Perspicacious (adjective)
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Perspicacious (adjective)
Having or showing keen mental perception.

Synonyms and related words for perspicacious include acute, astute, discerning, penetrating, sagacious, and sapient.
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Philatelist (noun)
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Philatelist (noun)
A person or studies or collects stamps.
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Philippic (noun)
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Philippic (noun)
A bitter verbal attack; a rant filled with harsh, cruel language.

The original philippics were a series of speeches by the great Athenian orator Demosthenes. In these speeches, Demosthenes denounced King Philip of Macedon and warned his fellow Athenians of Philip’s political ambitions.

Synonyms:

Invective is a noun that refers to a vehement or violent denunciation; a railing accusation, usually bitter and sarcastic, as in “The prisoner hurled a stream of invectives at the judge,
jury, and prosecutors as he was led away in chains.”

Vituperation is a synonym for invective that refers to a violent denunciation or verbal abuse or castigation. It’s often heard in its adjective form, vituperative.

A diatribe is a bitter, sharply abusive denunciation, attack, or criticism. For example: “The increasingly bitter diatribes against the horrific boss led to his resignation.

A tirade is a long, vehement speech or bitter denunciation. For example, "After finding cigarette butts and ash in the customers’ food, the health inspector launched into a 20-minute tirade against smoking in the restaurant’s kitchen.”

A harangue can be a noun that means a scolding or a long and intense verbal attack. Harangue can also be used as a verb meaning to deliver such a verbal attack, as in “His mother constantly harangues him about his messy room.”

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Philistine (noun)
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Philistine (noun)
A person who is uninterested in intellectual pursuits and indifferent or hostile to artistic and cultural values.
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Phlegmatic (adjective)
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Phlegmatic (adjective)
Showing little emotion; not easily excited to action.

Phlegmatic means “unemotional,” which can be both a positive and a negative attribute.
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Pillory (noun)
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Pillory (noun)
To expose to (often public) ridicule, abuse, and scorn; to criticize harshly.

From the Middle Ages up until the early 1800s in some places, pillory referred to a device used for public punishment: a wooden or metal frame with holes into which the head and hands of a person accused of a crime would be locked.
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Piquant (adjective)
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Piquant (adjective)
1. Agreeably pungent or sharp in the taste or flavor; pleasantly biting or tart; spicy.
2. Agreeably stimulating and engagingly provocative.
3. Interesting, charming, attractive.

Piquant comes from the French word piquer, meaning “to prick or sting,” and is related to the English word pike, a long, spear-like weapon.
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Pithy (adjective)
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Pithy (adjective)
Language that is short and terse but meaningful.

Both pithy and laconic refer to language that is brief and succinct, but pithy implies the added meaning of language that is meaningful and powerful. For example: “In direct contrast to the bombastic, long-winded arguments of the prosecuting attorney, the defense attorney’s pithy arguments won the case.”

Pithy comes from pith, which is the soft, spongy center of the stem of most flowering plants.
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Pontificate (verb)
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Pontificate (verb)
To speak or express opinions in a pompous or dogmatic way.
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Prescient (adjective)
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Prescient (adjective)
Perceiving the significance of events before they happen.

Ex. A prescient warning from historians.
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Procrustean (adjective)
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Procrustean (adjective)
Tending to produce conformity by arbitrary, ruthless, or violent means.

Even though the student’s poem unanimously won the all-county writing contest, the procrustean English teacher gave her an F for failing to dot the i in her name.

Greek mythology, Procrustes was a mythical bandit of Attica who would waylay hapless travelers and attempt to fit them to his iron bed. If travelers were too long for the bed, he’d cut off their feet. If they were too short, he’d stretch them out.

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Profligate
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Profligate
Someone who is given to wildly extravagant and grossly self-indulgent behavior.
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Promethean (adjective)
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Promethean (adjective)
Daringly original or creative; boldly inventive.
"the Promethean scientist who unlocked the mysteries of the cosmos"
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Propitiate (verb)
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Propitiate (verb)
To appease; to make favorably inclined; to regain the favor of someone. 

Propitiate is often used in religious contexts, as in: The priest propitiated the gods by sacrificing a fatted calf.

Synonyms for propitiate include mollify, dulcify, conciliate, and placate. 
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Prosaic (adjective)
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Prosaic (adjective)
1. Dull, lacking in imagination, matter-of-fact.
2. Commonplace, everyday, ordinary.

Like insipid and vapid, prosaic can mean “dull,” but it emphasizes dullness as a result of lack of imagination. For example: “Often, science writing can be prosaic, simply delivering information in a lifeless, unimaginative, ‘just the facts, ma’am’ style.”

“The seemingly prosaic lives of our immigrant ancestors, who worked tirelessly in the steel mills, belie the heroic sacrifices they made for their descendants.”
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Protean (adjective)
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Protean (adjective)
Able to take many forms or do many different things; versatile.
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Puerile (adjective)
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Puerile (adjective)
Juvenile, childishly silly, foolish.

“After sitting on a whoopee cushion and hearing inappropriate noises made by his
students, the teacher called for an end to the puerile humor, warning of severe consequences.”

Puerile comes from the Latin puer, meaning “boy or male child,” and as we
all know, boys can certainly be silly.
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Pusillanimous (adjective)
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Pusillanimous (adjective)
Cowardly; lacking courage or resolution; fainthearted.
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Quark (noun)
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Quark (noun)
An elementary subatomic particle proposed as the fundamental unit of matter.
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Querulous (adj.)
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Querulous (adj.)
Full of complaints; complaining in an annoyed way.

Querulous can be used to describe a person or his or her manner or actions. For example: “Her normally positive teenage daughter became querulous when she stayed up too late, complaining about her teachers, her social life, and her siblings.”
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Quiescent (adjective)
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Quiescent (adjective)
Tranquilly at rest, inactive, still, quiet, or motionless. 
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Quisling (noun)
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Quisling (noun)
A traitor who aids an invading and/or occupying enemy force, often serving later in the puppet government.
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Quixotic (adjective)
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Quixotic (adjective)
Romantically impractical or impulsive.
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Quotidian (adjective)
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Quotidian (adjective)
Daily, customary, ordinary, usual.

Quotidian describes the mundane, unexciting things that we all do routinely, such as washing the dishes, making the bed, and going to work.

Synonyms for quotidian include everyday, garden variety, frequent, common, and routine. 

"the car sped noisily off through the quotidian traffic"
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Rapacious (adj.)
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Rapacious (adj.)
Aggressively and excessively greedy or grasping; predatory.

Rapacious doesn’t just mean aggressive; it has the added connotation of greedy and grasping behavior. Here’s a sentence that puts the word in context: “The rapacious company bought up all its smaller competitors until it had the monopoly on lollipops in North America.”

Synonyms for rapacious include ravenous, voracious, and avaricious. Use rapacious when you want to emphasize the greedy, devouring nature of aggression. 
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Recondite (adjective)
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Recondite (adjective)
Difficult to understand.

Something that perhaps goes beyond erudite or scholarly may be described as recondite.
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Salubrious (adjective)
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Salubrious (adjective)
Conducive or favorable to health or well-being; wholesome.
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Salutary (adjective)
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Salutary (adjective)
Producing a beneficial effect; remedial.
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Sangfroid (noun)
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Sangfroid (noun)
Coolness and composure, especially in trying circumstances.
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Saturnalia (noun)
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Saturnalia (noun)
A celebration marked by unrestrained revelry and, often, promiscuity and excessive drinking.
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Saturnine (adjective)
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Saturnine (adjective)
Melancholy, sluggish, gloomy.
(of a person or their manner) gloomy.
"a saturnine temperament"

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Scabrous (adj.)
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Scabrous (adj.)
1. Scabby, blotchy, and scaly.
2. Rough to the touch.
3. Indecent, shocking, scandalous.

Although scabrous carries all three meanings listed above, it’s
often used to describe indecent, risqué, and obscene language and behavior. For example: “The intimate details of the late celebrity’s scabrous diary shocked his family and ignited a scandal.” Synonyms and related words for this sense of scabrous include salacious, libidinous, and lascivious. 

Scabrous originally came from the Latin adjective scaber, meaning “rough, scaly”; this word, in turn, was related to the Latin verb scabo, meaning “to scratch or scrape.” Not surprisingly, scabrous is also related to scab and scabies. 
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Schadenfreude (noun)
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Schadenfreude (noun)
Satisfaction, pleasure, or malicious joy at someone else’s misfortune.

"a business that thrives on schadenfreude"
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Schism (noun)
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Schism (noun)
A division among the members of a group into opposing factions because of a disagreement.

Synonyms and related words for schism include split, rift, division, parting of the ways, falling-out, fracture, rupture, fissure, breach, and cleft.
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Scullion (noun)
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Scullion (noun)
a servant assigned the most menial kitchen tasks.
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Sedulous (adjective)
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Sedulous (adjective)
Diligent in application or in the pursuit of something; persevering; constant in effort.

Synonyms for sedulous include diligent, assiduous, persistent, tenacious, and pertinacious.
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Sesquipedalian (adjective)
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Sesquipedalian (adjective)
1. Given to the overuse of long words.
2. Long and ponderous, polysyllabic.

Sesquipedalian comes from the Latin sesqui- (“half as much again”) and ped("foot").
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Shibboleth (noun)
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Shibboleth (noun)
A test word, phrase, or custom used to distinguish one group from another.
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Sisyphean (adjective)
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Sisyphean (adjective)
Endlessly laborious and futile.

The word Sisyphean comes from the Greek myth of Sisyphus.


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Skulduggery (n.)
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Skulduggery (n.)
Devous, deceitful behavior; underhanded dealings.


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Sobriquet (noun)
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Sobriquet (noun)
A nickname, usually a humorous or affectionate one.
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Solipsism (noun)
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Solipsism (noun)
1. The philosophy that one has no valid reason for believing that anything exists except oneself.
2. An extreme preoccupation with one’s own feelings and thoughts.

Solipsism was coined in 1871 from two Latin words: solus, meaning “alone,” and ipse, meaning “self.” It’s commonly used in reference to an extremely egocentric person.
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Somniloquy (noun)
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Somniloquy (noun)
Sleep talking.
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Specious (adjective) 
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Specious (adjective) 
Having the ring of truth or plausibility but actually fallacious. 

Specious is an adjective that describes the type of argument a sophist might deliver: one that seems plausible on the surface but is fallacious underneath.

Specious comes from the Latin speciosus, meaning “good looking,” which came from species, meaning “appearance.” Thus, a specious argument is one that “looks good” on the surface but isn’t sound. Specious is also related to the Latin root spec, meaning “look.” 

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Splenetic (adjective)
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Splenetic (adjective)
Bad-tempered, irritable, or spiteful.

The word splenetic is actually related to spleen, which was considered the seat of moroseness and bad temper in medieval physiology.

English has a wide variety of synonyms for splenetic, including bristly, prickly, crabby, cranky, crotchety, cantankerous, irascible (easily provoked), testy (irritated by small annoyances), and dyspeptic (gloomy, sullen, and irritable).
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Spurious (adjective) 
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Spurious (adjective) 
Not genuine, authentic, or true; false. 

Spurious is often used as a synonym for specious, but it actually has a slightly different connotation. Like specious, spurious refers to something that is false or counterfeit, including an argument or claim. However, as we saw, a specious argument seems plausible on the surface; in contrast, a spurious argument is immediately recognized as false. 


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Stoic (adjective)
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Stoic (adjective)
Seemingly indifferent to or unaffected by joy, grief, pleasure or pain.

phlegmatic “implies a temperament or constitution in which emotion is hard to arouse.” Thus, phlegmatic carries the suggestion of inborn or natural lack of emotion.

Stoic, however, suggests restraint that has been gained through self-discipline and as a matter of principle.
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Stolid (adjective)
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Stolid (adjective)
Having or expressing little or no sensibility; unemotional.

it also “implies heavy, dull, obtuse impassivity or apathy” and suggests “impassive, mechanical, plodding, unquestioning adherence to routine.”
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Stultify (verb)
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Stultify (verb)
1. To cause to lose interest; to cause to feel dull and not alert.
2. To render useless or ineffectual.
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Supercilious (adjective)
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Supercilious (adjective)
Feeling or showing haughty disdain; displaying arrogant pride, even scorn.

Supercilious often describes people or facial expressions.

Wonderfully vivid and descriptive synonyms and related words for supercilious are legion in English, including arrogant, uppity, haughty, pompous, priggish, pretentious, prideful, patronizing, disdainful, condescending, swaggering, lofty, lordly, high and mighty, highfalutin, sniffy, snooty, and snotty.

"a supercilious lady's maid"
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Susurration (noun)
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Susurration (noun)
An indistinct whispering or rustling sound; a murmur
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Sycophant (noun)
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Sycophant (noun)
A servile, self-seeking flatterer.

English includes some wonderfully vivid synonyms for sycophants, including grovelers, backscratchers, bootlickers, toadies, and lickspittles.
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Temerity (noun)
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Temerity (noun)
Reckless boldness; rashness; foolhardy disregard of danger.
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Tendentious (adjective)
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Tendentious (adjective)
Marked by or favoring a particular point of view; showing a definite tendency, bias, or purpose; partisan.
"a tendentious reading of history"
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Timorous (adjective)
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Timorous (adjective)
Fearful or timid.

Both timorous and timid come from the Latin verb timeo, meaning “to be afraid.”
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Toothsome (adjective)
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Toothsome (adjective)
Delicious; sexually attactive.
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Toponym (noun)
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Toponym (noun)
1. A place-name.
2. A word named after a place.
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Torpid (adjective)
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Torpid (adjective)
Slow, sluggish, lethargic, dull, benumbed.

Torpor and torpid come from the Latin word torpeo, meaning “to be numb, inactive, or dull.”
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Torpor (noun)
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Torpor (noun)
Sluggishness; a state of mental or physical inactivity; lethargy, apathy.
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Treacle (n.)
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Treacle (n.)
Cloying, sickly-sweet speech or sentiment.

Treacle refers to excessively sweet sentiment, as seen in overly romantic movies or grocery-store greeting cards. Treacle can also refer to molasses or golden syrup, which is a thick, sweet mixture of molasses, corn syrup, and sugar used in cooking.

The adjective form of treacle is treacly. Synonyms and related words include cloying and saccharine. 
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Trenchant (adjective)
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Trenchant (adjective)
Forceful and clear; penetrating, keen, and incisive.
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Truckle (verb)
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Truckle (verb)
1. To submit; to be servile and submissive.
2. To fawn; to curry favor by flattering.

Truckle is often followed by its collocate to in such phrases as “truckle to those in power” and “truckle to another country’s demands.”
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Truculent (adjective)
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Truculent (adjective)
Cruel, savage, brutal, and fierce; disposed to fighting; scathing and brutally harsh, often referring to verbal criticism.

Example: They behaved in the most high-handed, brutal and truculent manner. 

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Turbid (adjective)
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Turbid (adjective)
1. Muddy, thick, or opaque with sediment; obscured; clouded.
2. Confused, muddled, disordered.

Turbid is often used to describe roiled, muddy water or liquid that’s heavy, thick, and dense, as in: “The turbid river, full of mud and debris from the flood, made it nearly impossible for the rescure teams to recover the missing.”

Turbid includes the root turb, which comes from the Latin word turba, meaning “turmoil or confusion.” The root can also carry the connotation of “spinning and whirling.” Other words that share the turb root include turbulent, disturb, perturb, imperturbable, and turbine.
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Turgid (adjective)
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Turgid (adjective)
Swollen, distended, puffy.

Turgid can refer to physical swollenness, as in: “The disease had ravaged his body, leading to swollen limbs and turgid facial features."

“The love song’s turgid lyrics and hackneyed expressions made it unpopular with listeners.”
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Turpitude (noun)
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Turpitude (noun)
Baseness, depravity, or debauchery.
"acts of moral turpitude"
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Tyro (noun)
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Tyro (noun)
A beginner or novice.

“Under the legendary fly-fishing guide's expert mentoring, even a fly-fishing tyro like me would be able to land a trout in this stream.”

Tyro can also be used as an adjective, as in: “The tyro teacher knew her subject but lacked classroom management skills; her students were completely unruly when the principal walked in for her first observation.”

Synonyms and related words for tyro include beginner, rookie, neophyte, abecedarian, tenderfoot, and greenhorn. 

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Unctuous (adjective)
Answer
Unctuous (adjective)
Characterized by affected, exaggerated, or insincere earnestness.

Unctuous comes from the Latin unctus, meaning “anointed with oil.”

A wonderful synonym for unctuous that’s a little shorter and more down to earth is smarmy, as in “The smarmy aide thought that his constant blandishments would butter up the congressman and eventually lead to an appointment.”
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Vapid (adjective)
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Vapid (adjective)
Completely lacking in zest, spirit, animation, and liveliness.

Vapid comes from the Latin vapidus, meaning “that has exhaled its vapor.” Vapid was originally used in English in a literal sense to describe stale beverages that had lost their flavor, or vapor.

If you want to emphasize dullness due to a lack of taste or interest, insipid might be the right choice. If, however, you want to emphasize dullness due to lack of zest, spirit, and life, vapid might work better. 

For example, a meal can be insipid but not vapid. A conversation can be either, depending on what aspect of its supreme dullness you want to call attention to.

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Venal (adjective)
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Venal (adjective)
Open to corruption; capable of being bought through bribery.

Venal is derived from the Latin venum, meaning “something for sale.” Related English words include vendor and vending.
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Vernacular (noun)
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Vernacular (noun)
Form of a language spoken by the common people, as opposed to the learned and literary.
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Vilify (verb)
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Vilify (verb)
To attack someone’s reputation with strong or abusive criticism; to malign.

Synonyms and related words for vilify are numerous, including backbite, malign, slander, slur, libel, defame, disparage, denigrate, knock down, put down, tear down, slam, pan, besmirch, smear, and sully.
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Virulent (adjective)
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Virulent (adjective)
1. Extremely infectious, malignant, poisonous, or deadly.
2. Bitterly hostile, antagonistic, or spiteful; hateful.
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Weltschmerz (noun)
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Weltschmerz (noun)
Sadness over the evils of the world.
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Wheedle (verb)
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Wheedle (verb)
To attempt to persuade with beguiling flattery and smooth talking.

“The teenage girl wheedled her father into letting her drive his Porsche 911 with a few crocodile tears, a sob story, and the seemingly sincere assurance that he was ‘the best dad in the world.’”

Wheedle brings to mind the behavior of the snake-oil salesmen, charlatans, hucksters, and mountebanks.

Common synonyms for wheedle include cajole and coax.
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Xenophobia (noun)
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Xenophobia (noun)
An unreasonable hatred or fear of foreigners or strangers; a fear of that which is foreign or strange.
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Zeitgeist (noun)
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Zeitgeist (noun)
The spirit, attitude, or general outlook of a specific period; the moral, cultural, and intellectual climate of an era.
Group Theory
108 cards
New: 0Learning: 0Review: 108Relearning: 0Unknown: 0
Review
\(\text{Inn(G)} \) is a [...] of \(\text{Aut}(G) \)
Answer
\(\text{Inn(G)} \) is a normal subgroup of \(\text{Aut}(G) \)
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A [...] on a set \(S\) consists of a group \(F\) and a function \(\iota: S \to F\) such that for every group \(G\) and function \(\phi: S \to G\) there exists a unique homomorphism \(\Phi: F \to G\) such that \(\phi = \iota \circ \Phi \)
Answer
A free group on a set \(S\) consists of a group \(F\) and a function \(\iota: S \to F\) such that for every group \(G\) and function \(\phi: S \to G\) there exists a unique homomorphism \(\Phi: F \to G\) such that \(\phi = \iota \circ \Phi \)
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A \(p\)-Sylow subgroup of a finite group is a subgroup \(P\leq G\) which is a \(p\)-group is such that [...]. Equivalently, if \(|G| = p^am\) with \( (p, m) = 1 \), then \(P\) is a subgroup of order \(p^a \)
Answer
A \(p\)-Sylow subgroup of a finite group is a subgroup \(P\leq G\) which is a \(p\)-group is such that \(|G:P| \) is prime to \(p\) . Equivalently, if \(|G| = p^am\) with \( (p, m) = 1 \), then \(P\) is a subgroup of order \(p^a \)
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A \(p\)-Sylow subgroup of a finite group is a subgroup \(P\leq G\) which is a \(p\)-group is such that \(|G:P| \) is prime to \(p\) . Equivalently, if \(|G| = p^am\) with \( (p, m) = 1 \), then \(P\) is a subgroup of order [...]
Answer
A \(p\)-Sylow subgroup of a finite group is a subgroup \(P\leq G\) which is a \(p\)-group is such that \(|G:P| \) is prime to \(p\) . Equivalently, if \(|G| = p^am\) with \( (p, m) = 1 \), then \(P\) is a subgroup of order \(p^a \)
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A finite group \(G\) is [...] if its composition factors are abelian.
Answer
A finite group \(G\) is solvable if its composition factors are abelian.
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A finite p-group is isomorphic to a [...] if and only if it is abelian
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A finite p-group is isomorphic to a product of cyclic groups if and only if it is abelian
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A finite p-group is isomorphic to a product of cyclic groups if and only if it is [...]
Answer
A finite p-group is isomorphic to a product of cyclic groups if and only if it is abelian
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A fixed point of an action by \(G\) on \(X\) is an \(x \in X\) such that [...]. 
Answer
A fixed point of an action by \(G\) on \(X\) is an \(x \in X\) such that \(G_x =G\). 
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A free group on a set \(S\) consists of a group \(F\) and a function \(\iota: S \to F\) such that for every group \(G\) and function \(\phi: S \to G\) there exists a unique homomorphism \(\Phi: F \to G\) such that [...]
Answer
A free group on a set \(S\) consists of a group \(F\) and a function \(\iota: S \to F\) such that for every group \(G\) and function \(\phi: S \to G\) there exists a unique homomorphism \(\Phi: F \to G\) such that \(\phi = \iota \circ \Phi \)
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A group \(G\) is torsion if [...]
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A group \(G\) is torsion if \(G_{tors} = G\)
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A group \(G\) is solvable if it admits a finite chain of subgroups

[...]

such that each quotient \(G_k/G_{k-1} \) is abelian
Answer
A group \(G\) is solvable if it admits a finite chain of subgroups

 \(1 = G_0 \unlhd G_1 \unlhd \dots \unlhd G_s = G \)

such that each quotient \(G_k/G_{k-1} \) is abelian
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A group \(G\) is solvable if it admits a finite chain of subgroups

 \(1 = G_0 \unlhd G_1 \unlhd \dots \unlhd G_s = G \)

such that each [...]
Answer
A group \(G\) is solvable if it admits a finite chain of subgroups

 \(1 = G_0 \unlhd G_1 \unlhd \dots \unlhd G_s = G \)

such that each quotient \(G_k/G_{k-1} \) is abelian
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A group G is nilpotent if [...]
Answer
A group G is nilpotent if there exists a \(c\) such that \(Z_c(G) = G\)
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A group of order \(p^{\alpha}\) for some \(\alpha \geq 1\) is called a [...]. 
Answer
A group of order \(p^{\alpha}\) for some \(\alpha \geq 1\) is called a p-group. 
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A subgroup \(H \leq G\) is [...] iff it is the kernel of some homomorphism
Answer
A subgroup \(H \leq G\) is normal iff it is the kernel of some homomorphism
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A subgroup \(H \leq G\) is normal iff it is [...]
Answer
A subgroup \(H \leq G\) is normal iff it is the kernel of some homomorphism
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A subgroup of index 2 is [...]
Answer
A subgroup of index 2 is normal
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A composition series for a group \(G\) is a finite chain of subgroups 

\( \{e \} = M_0 \leq M_2 \leq \dots \leq M_{r-1} \leq M_r = G, r \geq 0 \) 

such that 

(1) [...]
(2) The quotient \(M_k / M_{k-1} \) is a simple group
Answer
A composition series for a group \(G\) is a finite chain of subgroups 

\( \{e \} = M_0 \leq M_2 \leq \dots \leq M_{r-1} \leq M_r = G, r \geq 0 \) 

such that 

(1) \(M_{k-1}\)  is a normal subgroup of \( M_k \)
(2) The quotient \(M_k / M_{k-1} \) is a simple group

Review
A composition series for a group \(G\) is a finite chain of subgroups 

\( \{e \} = M_0 \leq M_2 \leq \dots \leq M_{r-1} \leq M_r = G, r \geq 0 \) 

such that 

(1) \(M_{k-1}\)  is a normal subgroup of \( M_k \)
(2) [...]
Answer
A composition series for a group \(G\) is a finite chain of subgroups 

\( \{e \} = M_0 \leq M_2 \leq \dots \leq M_{r-1} \leq M_r = G, r \geq 0 \) 

such that 

(1) \(M_{k-1}\)  is a normal subgroup of \( M_k \)
(2) The quotient \(M_k / M_{k-1} \) is a simple group

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A split extension is such an extension, together with [...] such that \(K' \to G/H', \quad x \mapsto xH' \) is an isomorphism. 
Answer
A split extension is such an extension, together with \(K' \leq G \) such that \(K' \to G/H', \quad x \mapsto xH' \) is an isomorphism. 
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A split extension is such an extension, together with \(K' \leq G \) such that [...] is an isomorphism. 
Answer
A split extension is such an extension, together with \(K' \leq G \) such that \(K' \to G/H', \quad x \mapsto xH' \) is an isomorphism. 
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An [...] if and only if it is cyclic of prime order
Answer
An abelian group is simple if and only if it is cyclic of prime order
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An abelian group is simple if and only if [...]
Answer
An abelian group is simple if and only if it is cyclic of prime order
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An action is [...] if it has exactly one orbit. 
Answer
An action is transitive if it has exactly one orbit. 
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Any finite abelian group is a product of [...]
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Any finite abelian group is a product of its Sylow subgroups
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Consider the free group \(F_G\) on \(G\). By the universal property of free groups, there exists a unique group homomorphism [...] whose restriction to \(G\) is the identity map. Let \(K\) be the kernel of this homomorphism. Then, \(K\) is normal in \(F_G\), therefore is equal to its normal closure, so \(\langle G | K \rangle = F_G/K \). Since the identity map is surjective, \(\varphi\) is also surjective, so by the First Isomorphism Theorem, \(\langle G | K \rangle \cong \text{im}\varphi = G \)
Answer
Consider the free group \(F_G\) on \(G\). By the universal property of free groups, there exists a unique group homomorphism  \(\varphi: F_G \to G\)  whose restriction to \(G\) is the identity map. Let \(K\) be the kernel of this homomorphism. Then, \(K\) is normal in \(F_G\), therefore is equal to its normal closure, so \(\langle G | K \rangle = F_G/K \). Since the identity map is surjective, \(\varphi\) is also surjective, so by the First Isomorphism Theorem, \(\langle G | K \rangle \cong \text{im}\varphi = G \)
Review
Consider the free group \(F_G\) on \(G\). By the universal property of free groups, there exists a unique group homomorphism  \(\varphi: F_G \to G\)  whose restriction to \(G\) is the identity map. Let \(K\) be the kernel of this homomorphism. Then, \(K\) is [...], so \(\langle G | K \rangle = F_G/K \). Since the identity map is surjective, \(\varphi\) is also surjective, so by the First Isomorphism Theorem, \(\langle G | K \rangle \cong \text{im}\varphi = G \)
Answer
Consider the free group \(F_G\) on \(G\). By the universal property of free groups, there exists a unique group homomorphism  \(\varphi: F_G \to G\)  whose restriction to \(G\) is the identity map. Let \(K\) be the kernel of this homomorphism. Then, \(K\) is normal in \(F_G\), therefore is equal to its normal closure, so \(\langle G | K \rangle = F_G/K \). Since the identity map is surjective, \(\varphi\) is also surjective, so by the First Isomorphism Theorem, \(\langle G | K \rangle \cong \text{im}\varphi = G \)
Review
Consider the free group \(F_G\) on \(G\). By the universal property of free groups, there exists a unique group homomorphism  \(\varphi: F_G \to G\)  whose restriction to \(G\) is the identity map. Let \(K\) be the kernel of this homomorphism. Then, \(K\) is normal in \(F_G\), therefore is equal to its normal closure, so \(\langle G | K \rangle = F_G/K \). Since the identity map is surjective, \(\varphi\) is also surjective, so by the First Isomorphism Theorem,[...]
Answer
Consider the free group \(F_G\) on \(G\). By the universal property of free groups, there exists a unique group homomorphism  \(\varphi: F_G \to G\)  whose restriction to \(G\) is the identity map. Let \(K\) be the kernel of this homomorphism. Then, \(K\) is normal in \(F_G\), therefore is equal to its normal closure, so \(\langle G | K \rangle = F_G/K \). Since the identity map is surjective, \(\varphi\) is also surjective, so by the First Isomorphism Theorem, \(\langle G | K \rangle \cong \text{im}\varphi = G \)
Review
Every [...] has a composition series. 
Answer
Every finite group has a composition series. 
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Every \(p\) group has a [...]
Answer
Every \(p\) group has a non-trivial center
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Every finitely generated [...] is finite
Answer
Every finitely generated torsion abelian group is finite
Review
Every finitely generated abelian group \(G\) is isomorphic to one of the form 

\(G \cong F \times \mathbb{Z}^r, \quad |F| < \infty \)  

or 

[...]
Answer
Every finitely generated abelian group \(G\) is isomorphic to one of the form 

\(G \cong F \times \mathbb{Z}^r, \quad |F| < \infty \)  

or 

\( \mathbb{Z}^r \)
Review
Every finitely generated abelian group \(G\) is isomorphic to one of the form 

[...] 

or 

\( \mathbb{Z}^r \)
Answer
Every finitely generated abelian group \(G\) is isomorphic to one of the form 

\(G \cong F \times \mathbb{Z}^r, \quad |F| < \infty \)  

or 

\( \mathbb{Z}^r \)
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Every finitely generated torsion abelian group is [...]
Answer
Every finitely generated torsion abelian group is finite
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For a finite group \(G\) with \( p \mid |G| \), we have 

\( \{g \in G | \exists k \geq 0, |g| = p^k \} =\) [...]
Answer
For a finite group \(G\) with \( p \mid |G| \), we have 

\( \{g \in G | \exists k \geq 0, |g| = p^k \} =\) \( \bigcup_{P \in \text{Syl}_p(G)} P \)
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For any subgroup \(H\) of a group \(G\), the quotient group \(N_G(H)/C_G(H) \) is isomorphic to a subgroup of [...]. In particular, \(G/Z(G)\) is isomorphic to a subgroup of [...]
Answer
For any subgroup \(H\) of a group \(G\), the quotient group \(N_G(H)/C_G(H) \) is isomorphic to a subgroup of \(Aut(H)\) . In particular, \(G/Z(G)\) is isomorphic to a subgroup of \(Aut(G) \)
Review
For each fixed \(g \in G\) we get a map \(\sigma_g\) defined by 

\( \sigma_g: A \to A \)
\( \sigma_g(a) = g \cdot a\)

Name two important facts about this map
Answer
For each fixed \(g \in G\) we get a map \(\sigma_g\) defined by 

\( \sigma_g: A \to A \)
\( \sigma_g(a) = g \cdot a\)

Name two important facts about this map
1. for each fixed \(g \in G\), \(\sigma_g\) is a permutation of \(A\)
2. the map from \(G\) to \(S_A\) defined by \(g \mapsto \sigma_g\) is a homormorphism
Review
If \(\varphi: G \to H\) is a homomorphism of groups, then [...] and \(G /\text{ker}\varphi \cong \varphi(G)\)
Answer
If \(\varphi: G \to H\) is a homomorphism of groups, then  \(\text{ker}\varphi \unlhd G\)  and \(G /\text{ker}\varphi \cong \varphi(G)\)
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If \(\varphi: G \to H\) is a homomorphism of groups, then  \(\text{ker}\varphi \unlhd G\)  and [...]
Answer
If \(\varphi: G \to H\) is a homomorphism of groups, then  \(\text{ker}\varphi \unlhd G\)  and \(G /\text{ker}\varphi \cong \varphi(G)\)
Review
If \(|G| = p^2\) for some prime \(p\), then [...]
Answer
If \(|G| = p^2\) for some prime \(p\), then \(G\) is abelian
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If \(G = G_1 \times \dots \times G_k \) and \(g = (g_1, \dots g_k) \in G\), then \( |g|\) =[...]
Answer
If \(G = G_1 \times \dots \times G_k \) and \(g = (g_1, \dots g_k) \in G\), then \( |g|\) =\( \text{lcm}(|g_1|, \dots, |g_k| ) \)
Review
If \(G = G_1 \times \dots \times G_n \) and \(N_k \unlhd G_k \) for all \(k = 1, \dots, n\), then [...] is a normal subgroup of \(G\), and there is an isomorphism 

\(G/N \cong (G_1/N_1) \times \dots \times (G_n/N_n) \)
Answer
If \(G = G_1 \times \dots \times G_n \) and \(N_k \unlhd G_k \) for all \(k = 1, \dots, n\), then \(N = N_1 \times \dots \times N_n \) is a normal subgroup of \(G\), and there is an isomorphism 

\(G/N \cong (G_1/N_1) \times \dots \times (G_n/N_n) \)
Review
If \(G = G_1 \times \dots \times G_n \) and \(N_k \unlhd G_k \) for all \(k = 1, \dots, n\), then \(N = N_1 \times \dots \times N_n \) is a normal subgroup of \(G\), and there is an isomorphism 

[...]
Answer
If \(G = G_1 \times \dots \times G_n \) and \(N_k \unlhd G_k \) for all \(k = 1, \dots, n\), then \(N = N_1 \times \dots \times N_n \) is a normal subgroup of \(G\), and there is an isomorphism 

\(G/N \cong (G_1/N_1) \times \dots \times (G_n/N_n) \)
Review
If \(G_1, \dots, G_s\) are nilpotent, then [...]
Answer
If \(G_1, \dots, G_s\) are nilpotent, then \(G = G_1 \times \dots \times G_s\) is nilpotent
Review
If \(G/Z_G\) is cyclic, then [...]
Answer
If \(G/Z_G\) is cyclic, then \(G\) is abelian
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If \(G\) acts on a set \(B\) and [...] elements of \(G\) induce [...] permutations of \(B\), the action is said to be [...].
Answer
If \(G\) acts on a set \(B\) and distinct elements of \(G\) induce distinct permutations of \(B\), the action is said to be faithful.
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If \(G\) is a finite group, and p is the smallest [...] dividing \(|G|\), then any subgroup of index p is [...]
Answer
If \(G\) is a finite group, and p is the smallest prime dividing \(|G|\), then any subgroup of index p is normal
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If \(G\) is a group acting on a set \(S\) and \(s\) is some fixed element of \(S\), the stabilizer of \(s\) in \(G\) is the set 
Answer
If \(G\) is a group acting on a set \(S\) and \(s\) is some fixed element of \(S\), the stabilizer of \(s\) in \(G\) is the set 
\(G_s = \{g \in G | g \cdot s = s\} \)

It is also a subgroup of \(G\).
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If \(G\) is a group of order \(p^{\alpha}m\), where \(p \nmid m\), then a subgroup of order \(p^{\alpha} \) is called a [...] of \(G\)
Answer
If \(G\) is a group of order \(p^{\alpha}m\), where \(p \nmid m\), then a subgroup of order \(p^{\alpha} \) is called a Sylow p-subgroup of \(G\)
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If \(G\) is abelian, then \(G/G_{tors}\) is [...]
Answer
If \(G\) is abelian, then \(G/G_{tors}\) is torsion free
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If \(G\) is an [...], then \(G_{tors}\)   is a subgroup of \(G\)
Answer
If \(G\) is an an abelian group, then \(G_{tors}\)   is a subgroup of \(G\)
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If \(G\) is an an abelian group, then \(G_{tors}\) [...]
Answer
If \(G\) is an an abelian group, then \(G_{tors}\)   is a subgroup of \(G\)
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If \(G\) is nilpotent, then so is any [...]
Answer
If \(G\) is nilpotent, then so is any quotient group \(G/N\)
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If \(G\) is solvable, then then so is [...]
Answer
If \(G\) is solvable, then then so is  any subgroup or quotient group of \(G\)
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If \(K\) is any subgroup of the group \(G\) and \(g \in G\), then \(K \cong\) [...]. 
Answer
If \(K\) is any subgroup of the group \(G\) and \(g \in G\), then \(K \cong\) \(gKg^{-1} \) . 
Conjugate elements and conjugate subgroups have the same order.
Review
If \(p < q\) are primes and \(q \not\equiv 1 \mod p\), then [...]
Answer
If \(p < q\) are primes and \(q \not\equiv 1 \mod p\), then every group of order \(pq\) is a cyclic group
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If \(S\) is a subset of a group \(G\), then the stabilizer 

\(G_S = \{g \in G | gSg^{-1} = S \} =\) [...]
Answer
If \(S\) is a subset of a group \(G\), then the stabilizer 

\(G_S = \{g \in G | gSg^{-1} = S \} =\) \( N_G(S) \)

Review
Let \(\sigma, \tau \) be elements of the symmetric group \(S_n\) and suppose \(\sigma\) has cycle decomposition

\( (a_1a_2 \dots a_k)(b_1b_2\dots b_m) \)

Then \(\tau\sigma\tau^{-1} \) has cycle decomposition
Answer
Let \(\sigma, \tau \) be elements of the symmetric group \(S_n\) and suppose \(\sigma\) has cycle decomposition

\( (a_1a_2 \dots a_k)(b_1b_2\dots b_m) \)

Then \(\tau\sigma\tau^{-1} \) has cycle decomposition
\((\tau(a_1)\tau(a_2)\dots\tau(a_k)) ( \tau(b_1)\tau(b_2)\dots\tau(b_m)) \)
Review
Let \(F = F(S) \) be the free group on a set \(S \). Then [...] if and only if \(S\) is finite
Answer
Let \(F = F(S) \) be the free group on a set \(S \). Then \(F\) is finitely generated if and only if \(S\) is finite
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Let \(F = F(S) \) be the free group on a set \(S \). Then \(F\) is finitely generated if and only if [...]
Answer
Let \(F = F(S) \) be the free group on a set \(S \). Then \(F\) is finitely generated if and only if \(S\) is finite
Review
Let \(G\) act on a finite set \(X\). We have 

\(|X|\) = [...]

where \(x_1, \dots, x_k \in X\) are representatives of the orbits of the action. 
Answer
Let \(G\) act on a finite set \(X\). We have 

\(|X|\) = \( \sum_{k=1}^r |G:G_{x_k}| \)

where \(x_1, \dots, x_k \in X\) are representatives of the orbits of the action. 
Review
Let \(G\) be a finite group with \(p_1, \dots, p_s\) the distinct primes dividing its order. Then the following are equivalent:

(1) [...]
(2) If \(H < G\), then \(H < N_G(H) \)
(3) \( |\text{Syl}_{p_i}(G)| = 1 \) for all \(i = 1, \dots, s\)
(4) \(G \cong P_1 \times \dots \times P_s \) where \(P_i \in \text{Syl}_{p_i}(G) \)
Answer
Let \(G\) be a finite group with \(p_1, \dots, p_s\) the distinct primes dividing its order. Then the following are equivalent:

(1) G is nilpotent
(2) If \(H < G\), then \(H < N_G(H) \)
(3) \( |\text{Syl}_{p_i}(G)| = 1 \) for all \(i = 1, \dots, s\)
(4) \(G \cong P_1 \times \dots \times P_s \) where \(P_i \in \text{Syl}_{p_i}(G) \)
Review
Let \(G\) be a finite group with \(p_1, \dots, p_s\) the distinct primes dividing its order. Then the following are equivalent:

(1) G is nilpotent
(2) [...]
(3) \( |\text{Syl}_{p_i}(G)| = 1 \) for all \(i = 1, \dots, s\)
(4) \(G \cong P_1 \times \dots \times P_s \) where \(P_i \in \text{Syl}_{p_i}(G) \)
Answer
Let \(G\) be a finite group with \(p_1, \dots, p_s\) the distinct primes dividing its order. Then the following are equivalent:

(1) G is nilpotent
(2) If \(H < G\), then \(H < N_G(H) \)
(3) \( |\text{Syl}_{p_i}(G)| = 1 \) for all \(i = 1, \dots, s\)
(4) \(G \cong P_1 \times \dots \times P_s \) where \(P_i \in \text{Syl}_{p_i}(G) \)
Review
Let \(G\) be a finite group with \(p_1, \dots, p_s\) the distinct primes dividing its order. Then the following are equivalent:

(1) G is nilpotent
(2) If \(H < G\), then \(H < N_G(H) \)
(3) [...]
(4) \(G \cong P_1 \times \dots \times P_s \) where \(P_i \in \text{Syl}_{p_i}(G) \)
Answer
Let \(G\) be a finite group with \(p_1, \dots, p_s\) the distinct primes dividing its order. Then the following are equivalent:

(1) G is nilpotent
(2) If \(H < G\), then \(H < N_G(H) \)
(3) \( |\text{Syl}_{p_i}(G)| = 1 \) for all \(i = 1, \dots, s\)
(4) \(G \cong P_1 \times \dots \times P_s \) where \(P_i \in \text{Syl}_{p_i}(G) \)
Review
Let \(G\) be a finite group with \(p_1, \dots, p_s\) the distinct primes dividing its order. Then the following are equivalent:

(1) G is nilpotent
(2) If \(H < G\), then \(H < N_G(H) \)
(3) \( |\text{Syl}_{p_i}(G)| = 1 \) for all \(i = 1, \dots, s\)
(4) [...]
Answer
Let \(G\) be a finite group with \(p_1, \dots, p_s\) the distinct primes dividing its order. Then the following are equivalent:

(1) G is nilpotent
(2) If \(H < G\), then \(H < N_G(H) \)
(3) \( |\text{Syl}_{p_i}(G)| = 1 \) for all \(i = 1, \dots, s\)
(4) \(G \cong P_1 \times \dots \times P_s \) where \(P_i \in \text{Syl}_{p_i}(G) \)
Review
Let \(G\) be a group and let \(\phi: S \to G\) be a function. Then there exists a unique function \(\Phi: F \to G\) such that 
1. [...]
2.  \(\Phi(x \cdot y) = \Phi(x)\Phi(y) \quad \forall x, y \in F\) 
Answer
Let \(G\) be a group and let \(\phi: S \to G\) be a function. Then there exists a unique function \(\Phi: F \to G\) such that 
1.  \(\Phi((s)) = \phi(s) \quad \forall s \in S \) 
2.  \(\Phi(x \cdot y) = \Phi(x)\Phi(y) \quad \forall x, y \in F\) 

Review
Let \(G\) be a group and let \(\phi: S \to G\) be a function. Then there exists a unique function \(\Phi: F \to G\) such that 
1.  \(\Phi((s)) = \phi(s) \quad \forall s \in S \) 
2. [...]
Answer
Let \(G\) be a group and let \(\phi: S \to G\) be a function. Then there exists a unique function \(\Phi: F \to G\) such that 
1.  \(\Phi((s)) = \phi(s) \quad \forall s \in S \) 
2.  \(\Phi(x \cdot y) = \Phi(x)\Phi(y) \quad \forall x, y \in F\) 

Review
Let \(G\) be a group with subgroup \(H\), and let \(\lambda: G \to \text{Sym}(G/H)\) be the left-coset action, defined by \(\lambda_g(xH) : = gxH \). Then, we have that  [...]
Answer
Let \(G\) be a group with subgroup \(H\), and let \(\lambda: G \to \text{Sym}(G/H)\) be the left-coset action, defined by \(\lambda_g(xH) : = gxH \). Then, we have that  \( \text{Ker}(\lambda) = \bigcap_{x \in G} xHx^{-1} \)
Review
Let \(G\) be a group, and suppose \(G_1, \dots, G_n \unlhd G\) are normal subgroups such that 

(1) [...]
(2) \(G_k \cap (G_1 \dots G_{k-1}) = \{e\} \text{ for } k = 2, \dots, n\)

Then, the function 

\(G_1 \times \dots \times G_n \to G, \quad (g_1, \dots g_n) \mapsto g_1\dots g_n \)

is an isomorphism of groups.
Answer
Let \(G\) be a group, and suppose \(G_1, \dots, G_n \unlhd G\) are normal subgroups such that 

(1) \(G_1 \dots G_n = G \)
(2) \(G_k \cap (G_1 \dots G_{k-1}) = \{e\} \text{ for } k = 2, \dots, n\)

Then, the function 

\(G_1 \times \dots \times G_n \to G, \quad (g_1, \dots g_n) \mapsto g_1\dots g_n \)

is an isomorphism of groups.
Review
Let \(G\) be a group, and suppose \(G_1, \dots, G_n \unlhd G\) are normal subgroups such that 

(1) \(G_1 \dots G_n = G \)
(2) [...]

Then, the function 

\(G_1 \times \dots \times G_n \to G, \quad (g_1, \dots g_n) \mapsto g_1\dots g_n \)

is an isomorphism of groups.
Answer
Let \(G\) be a group, and suppose \(G_1, \dots, G_n \unlhd G\) are normal subgroups such that 

(1) \(G_1 \dots G_n = G \)
(2) \(G_k \cap (G_1 \dots G_{k-1}) = \{e\} \text{ for } k = 2, \dots, n\)

Then, the function 

\(G_1 \times \dots \times G_n \to G, \quad (g_1, \dots g_n) \mapsto g_1\dots g_n \)

is an isomorphism of groups.
Review
Let \(G\) be a group, and suppose \(G_1, \dots, G_n \unlhd G\) are normal subgroups such that 

(1) \(G_1 \dots G_n = G \)
(2) \(G_k \cap (G_1 \dots G_{k-1}) = \{e\} \text{ for } k = 2, \dots, n\)

Then, the function 

[...]

is an isomorphism of groups.
Answer
Let \(G\) be a group, and suppose \(G_1, \dots, G_n \unlhd G\) are normal subgroups such that 

(1) \(G_1 \dots G_n = G \)
(2) \(G_k \cap (G_1 \dots G_{k-1}) = \{e\} \text{ for } k = 2, \dots, n\)

Then, the function 

\(G_1 \times \dots \times G_n \to G, \quad (g_1, \dots g_n) \mapsto g_1\dots g_n \)

is an isomorphism of groups.
Review
Let \(H\) be a cyclic group of prime order \(p\), and suppose \(H\) acts on some finite set \(X\). Orbits of such an action can have size either [...]. Write \(m=\) number of orbits of size 1 and \(n=\) number of orbits of size p. Then we have 

\(|X| = \) [...]
Answer
Let \(H\) be a cyclic group of prime order \(p\), and suppose \(H\) acts on some finite set \(X\). Orbits of such an action can have size either 1 or p. Write \(m=\) number of orbits of size 1 and \(n=\) number of orbits of size p. Then we have 

\(|X| = \) \(m + pn \equiv m \quad (\mod p) \)
Review
Let \(N \unlhd G \) be a normal subgroup, and let \( \pi: G \to G/N \) be the quotient homomorphism. If \(\phi: G \to H \) is a homomorphism such that [...] then there exists a unique homomorphism  \(\psi: G/N \to H \) such that \(\psi \circ \pi = \phi \)
Answer
Let \(N \unlhd G \) be a normal subgroup, and let \( \pi: G \to G/N \) be the quotient homomorphism. If \(\phi: G \to H \) is a homomorphism such that  \(\phi(N) = \{e\} \)  then there exists a unique homomorphism  \(\psi: G/N \to H \) such that \(\psi \circ \pi = \phi \)
Review
Let \(N \unlhd G \) be a normal subgroup, and let \( \pi: G \to G/N \) be the quotient homomorphism. If \(\phi: G \to H \) is a homomorphism such that  \(\phi(N) = \{e\} \)  then there exists a unique homomorphism [...]
Answer
Let \(N \unlhd G \) be a normal subgroup, and let \( \pi: G \to G/N \) be the quotient homomorphism. If \(\phi: G \to H \) is a homomorphism such that  \(\phi(N) = \{e\} \)  then there exists a unique homomorphism  \(\psi: G/N \to H \) such that \(\psi \circ \pi = \phi \)
Review
Let \(N \unlhd G\). Then the following are equivalent:

(1) [...]
(2) \(N\) and \(G/N\) have the acc for subgroups
Answer
Let \(N \unlhd G\). Then the following are equivalent:

(1) \(G\) has the acc for subgroups
(2) \(N\) and \(G/N\) have the acc for subgroups
Review
Let \(N \unlhd G\). Then the following are equivalent:

(1) \(G\) has the acc for subgroups
(2) [...]
Answer
Let \(N \unlhd G\). Then the following are equivalent:

(1) \(G\) has the acc for subgroups
(2) \(N\) and \(G/N\) have the acc for subgroups
Review
Let \(p\) be a prime and \(G\) a p-group of order \(p^a, a \geq 1\). Then, [...]
Answer
Let \(p\) be a prime and \(G\) a p-group of order \(p^a, a \geq 1\). Then, \(G\) is nilpotent, and if \(a \geq 2\) it has nilpotence class \(\leq a-1\)
Review
Let G be a group acting on the nonempty set \(A\). 

1. The equivalence class \(\{g\cdot a | g\in G\}\) is called the [...] of \(G\) containing \(a\)
2. The action of \(G\) is called [...] if there is only one orbit. 
Answer
Let G be a group acting on the nonempty set \(A\). 

1. The equivalence class \(\{g\cdot a | g\in G\}\) is called the orbit of \(G\) containing \(a\)
2. The action of \(G\) is called transitive if there is only one orbit. 
Review
Name an equivalence relation of \(A\) using the action of \(G\) on a set \(A\). Name the number of elements in the equivalence class for each \(a \in A\).
Answer
Name an equivalence relation of \(A\) using the action of \(G\) on a set \(A\). Name the number of elements in the equivalence class for each \(a \in A\).
\( a \sim b \iff a = g\cdot b\)
for some \(g \in G\)

The number of elements in the equivalence class containing \(a\) is \(|G:G_a| \), the index of the stabilizer of \(a\).
Review
State Cauchy's theorem.
Answer
State Cauchy's theorem.
Let \(G\) be a finite group. If a prime \(p\) divides \(|G|\), then \(G\) has an element of order \(p\)
Review
State the Class Equation for a finite group \(G\).
Answer
State the Class Equation for a finite group \(G\).
Let \(g_1, g_2, \dots g_r\) be representatives of the distinct conjugacy classes of \(G\) not contained in the center \(Z_G\). Then, 

\(|G| = |Z(G)| + \sum_{i=1}^{r} |G: C_G(g_i) |\)
Review
State the Orbit/Stabilizer Theorem
Answer
State the Orbit/Stabilizer Theorem
Consider an action \(G\) on \(X\) and an element \(x \in X\). Then there is a bijection 

\(G/G_x \to Gx, \quad gG_x \mapsto g \cdot x \)

between the orbit containing \(x\) and the set of left cosets and its stablizier. Thus, for an orbit \(\mathcal{O} \) we have \( |\mathcal{O}| = |G:G_x| \) for any \(x \in \mathcal{O} \)
Review
Suppose \(|G| = pq\) for primes \(p < q\). Let \(P \in Syl_p(G), Q \in Syl_q(G) \). Then [...]
Answer
Suppose \(|G| = pq\) for primes \(p < q\). Let \(P \in Syl_p(G), Q \in Syl_q(G) \). Then \(Q\) is normal in \(G\) and if \(P\) is also normal in \(G\), then \(G\) is cyclic
Review
Sylow's Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group of order \(p^{\alpha} m\) where \(p\) is a prime not dividing \(m\). 

1. Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) [...]
2. If \(P\) is a Sylow p-subgroup of \(G\) and \(Q\) is any p-subgroup of \(G\), then there exists \(g \in G\) such that \( Q \leq gPg^{-1} \) In particular, any two Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) are conjugate in \(G\) .
3. The number of Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) is of the form \(1+kp \) , i.e., \( n_p \equiv 1 (\mod p) \)
Answer
Sylow's Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group of order \(p^{\alpha} m\) where \(p\) is a prime not dividing \(m\). 

1. Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) exist
2. If \(P\) is a Sylow p-subgroup of \(G\) and \(Q\) is any p-subgroup of \(G\), then there exists \(g \in G\) such that \( Q \leq gPg^{-1} \) In particular, any two Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) are conjugate in \(G\) .
3. The number of Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) is of the form \(1+kp \) , i.e., \( n_p \equiv 1 (\mod p) \)
Review
Sylow's Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group of order \(p^{\alpha} m\) where \(p\) is a prime not dividing \(m\). 

1. Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) exist
2. If \(P\) is a Sylow p-subgroup of \(G\) and \(Q\) is any p-subgroup of \(G\), then there exists \(g \in G\) such that [...] In particular, any two Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) are [...].
3. The number of Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) is of the form \(1+kp \) , i.e., \( n_p \equiv 1 (\mod p) \)
Answer
Sylow's Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group of order \(p^{\alpha} m\) where \(p\) is a prime not dividing \(m\). 

1. Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) exist
2. If \(P\) is a Sylow p-subgroup of \(G\) and \(Q\) is any p-subgroup of \(G\), then there exists \(g \in G\) such that \( Q \leq gPg^{-1} \) In particular, any two Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) are conjugate in \(G\) .
3. The number of Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) is of the form \(1+kp \) , i.e., \( n_p \equiv 1 (\mod p) \)
Review
Sylow's Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group of order \(p^{\alpha} m\) where \(p\) is a prime not dividing \(m\). 

1. Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) exist
2. If \(P\) is a Sylow p-subgroup of \(G\) and \(Q\) is any p-subgroup of \(G\), then there exists \(g \in G\) such that \( Q \leq gPg^{-1} \) In particular, any two Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) are conjugate in \(G\) .
3. The number of Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) is of the form [...], i.e., [...]
Answer
Sylow's Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group of order \(p^{\alpha} m\) where \(p\) is a prime not dividing \(m\). 

1. Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) exist
2. If \(P\) is a Sylow p-subgroup of \(G\) and \(Q\) is any p-subgroup of \(G\), then there exists \(g \in G\) such that \( Q \leq gPg^{-1} \) In particular, any two Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) are conjugate in \(G\) .
3. The number of Sylow p-subgroups of \(G\) is of the form \(1+kp \) , i.e., \( n_p \equiv 1 (\mod p) \)
Review
The [...] of the action is the set of elements of \(G\) that act [...] on every element of \(A\): \(\{g \in G | g \cdot a = a, \quad a \in A\}\)
Answer
The kernel of the action is the set of elements of \(G\) that act trivially on every element of \(A\): \(\{g \in G | g \cdot a = a, \quad a \in A\}\)
Review
The center of a group \(G\) is 
Answer
The center of a group \(G\) is 
\(Z(G)=\{g \in G | gx = xg, \quad x \in G\} \)
Review
The centralizer of a group \(G\) and a nonempty subset \(A\subseteq G\) is
Answer
The centralizer of a group \(G\) and a nonempty subset \(A\subseteq G\) is
\(C_G(A) = \{g \in G |gag^{-1} = a,\quad \forall a \in A \}\)
Review
The normalizer of \(A\) in \(G\) is 
Answer
The normalizer of \(A\) in \(G\) is 
\(N_G(A) = \{ g\in G| gAg^{-1} = A\} \)
Review
The number of conjugates of a subset \(S\) in a group \(G\) is the [...]
Answer
The number of conjugates of a subset \(S\) in a group \(G\) is the index of the normalizer of \(S\), \(|G: N_G(S)|\)
Review
The number of conjugates of an element \(s\) of \(G\) is the [...]
Answer
The number of conjugates of an element \(s\) of \(G\) is the index of the centralizer of \(s\), \(|G : C_G(s)| \)
Review
The orbits of \(G\) acting on itself by conjugation are called the [...] of \(G\).
Answer
The orbits of \(G\) acting on itself by conjugation are called the conjugacy classes of \(G\).
Review
The Second (Diamond) Isomorphism Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group, let \(A, B\) be subgroups of \(G\) and assume \(A \leq N_G(B)\). Then 
1. [...]
2. \(B \unlhd AB\)
3. \(A \cap B \unlhd A \)
4. \(AB/B \cong A/A\cap B \)
Answer
The Second (Diamond) Isomorphism Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group, let \(A, B\) be subgroups of \(G\) and assume \(A \leq N_G(B)\). Then 
1. \(AB \leq G\)
2. \(B \unlhd AB\)
3. \(A \cap B \unlhd A \)
4. \(AB/B \cong A/A\cap B \)
Review
The Second (Diamond) Isomorphism Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group, let \(A, B\) be subgroups of \(G\) and assume \(A \leq N_G(B)\). Then 
1. \(AB \leq G\)
2. [...]
3. \(A \cap B \unlhd A \)
4. \(AB/B \cong A/A\cap B \)
Answer
The Second (Diamond) Isomorphism Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group, let \(A, B\) be subgroups of \(G\) and assume \(A \leq N_G(B)\). Then 
1. \(AB \leq G\)
2. \(B \unlhd AB\)
3. \(A \cap B \unlhd A \)
4. \(AB/B \cong A/A\cap B \)
Review
The Second (Diamond) Isomorphism Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group, let \(A, B\) be subgroups of \(G\) and assume \(A \leq N_G(B)\). Then 
1. \(AB \leq G\)
2. \(B \unlhd AB\)
3. [...]
4. \(AB/B \cong A/A\cap B \)
Answer
The Second (Diamond) Isomorphism Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group, let \(A, B\) be subgroups of \(G\) and assume \(A \leq N_G(B)\). Then 
1. \(AB \leq G\)
2. \(B \unlhd AB\)
3. \(A \cap B \unlhd A \)
4. \(AB/B \cong A/A\cap B \)
Review
The Second (Diamond) Isomorphism Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group, let \(A, B\) be subgroups of \(G\) and assume \(A \leq N_G(B)\). Then 
1. \(AB \leq G\)
2. \(B \unlhd AB\)
3. \(A \cap B \unlhd A \)
4. [...]
Answer
The Second (Diamond) Isomorphism Theorem

Let \(G\) be a group, let \(A, B\) be subgroups of \(G\) and assume \(A \leq N_G(B)\). Then 
1. \(AB \leq G\)
2. \(B \unlhd AB\)
3. \(A \cap B \unlhd A \)
4. \(AB/B \cong A/A\cap B \)
Review
The Third Isomorphism Theorem
Answer
The Third Isomorphism Theorem
Let \(G\) be a group and let \(H\) and \(K\) be normal subgroups of \(G\) with \(H \leq K \). Then, \(K / H \unlhd G/H\) and 

\((G/H)/(K / H) \cong G/K\)
Review
The upper central series  of \(G\) is constructed as follows:

  • \(Z_0(G) = \{e\},Z_1(G) = Z(G) \)
  • For any \(k \geq 1\) \(Z_{k + 1}(G) \) is the [...]
Answer
The upper central series  of \(G\) is constructed as follows:

  • \(Z_0(G) = \{e\},Z_1(G) = Z(G) \)
  • For any \(k \geq 1\) \(Z_{k + 1}(G) \) is the preimage under the quotient map \(\pi : G \to G/Z_k(G) \) of \(Z (G/Z_k(G) ) \).

Review
The upper central series  of \(G\) is constructed as follows:

  • [...]
  • For any \(k \geq 1\) \(Z_{k + 1}(G) \) is the preimage under the quotient map \(\pi : G \to G/Z_k(G) \) of \(Z (G/Z_k(G) ) \).
Answer
The upper central series  of \(G\) is constructed as follows:

  • \(Z_0(G) = \{e\},Z_1(G) = Z(G) \)
  • For any \(k \geq 1\) \(Z_{k + 1}(G) \) is the preimage under the quotient map \(\pi : G \to G/Z_k(G) \) of \(Z (G/Z_k(G) ) \).

Review
Thus [...] of a group \(G\) on a set \(A\) and the [...] from \(G\) into the symmetric group \(S_A\) are in bijective correspondence. 
Answer
Thus actions of a group \(G\) on a set \(A\) and the homomorphisms from \(G\) into the symmetric group \(S_A\) are in bijective correspondence. 
Review
Two elements of \(S_n\) are conjugate in \(S_n\) if and only if they have the same [...]
Answer
Two elements of \(S_n\) are conjugate in \(S_n\) if and only if they have the same cycle type
Review
Two group elements induce the same permutation on \(A\) if and only if they are in the same [...]. In particular, an action of \(G\) on \(A\) may also be viewed as a [...] of the quotient group \(G/\text{ker}\varphi\) on \(A\)
Answer
Two group elements induce the same permutation on \(A\) if and only if they are in the same coset of the kernel. In particular, an action of \(G\) on \(A\) may also be viewed as a faithful action of the quotient group \(G/\text{ker}\varphi\) on \(A\)
Review
We say that \(G\) is an extension of \(K\) by \(H\) if [...] and isomorphisms 

\(H \cong H', \quad K \cong G/H' \)
Answer
We say that \(G\) is an extension of \(K\) by \(H\) if there exists a normal subgroup \(H' \unlhd G\) and isomorphisms 

\(H \cong H', \quad K \cong G/H' \)
Review
We say that \(G\) is an extension of \(K\) by \(H\) if there exists a normal subgroup \(H' \unlhd G\) and isomorphisms 

[...]
Answer
We say that \(G\) is an extension of \(K\) by \(H\) if there exists a normal subgroup \(H' \unlhd G\) and isomorphisms 

\(H \cong H', \quad K \cong G/H' \)
Review
What is a group action of a group \(G\) on a set \(A\)?
Answer
What is a group action of a group \(G\) on a set \(A\)?
A map from \(G \times A \) to \(A\) as \(g \cdot a\) for all \(g \in G\) and \(a \in A\) satisfying the following:

1. \(g_1 \cdot (g_2 \cdot a) = (g_1g_2)\cdot a, \quad g_1, g_2 \in G, a \in A\)
2. \(1 \cdot a = a, \quad a \in A\)
Review
You can always extend \(K\) by \(H\) via the trivial extension, defined by [...]. The trivial extension is always split, by \(K' = \{e\} \times K \) 
Answer
You can always extend \(K\) by \(H\) via the trivial extension, defined by \( G:= H \times K, \quad H' = H \times \{e\} \) . The trivial extension is always split, by \(K' = \{e\} \times K \) 
Review
You can always extend \(K\) by \(H\) via the trivial extension, defined by \( G:= H \times K, \quad H' = H \times \{e\} \) . The trivial extension is always split, by [...]
Answer
You can always extend \(K\) by \(H\) via the trivial extension, defined by \( G:= H \times K, \quad H' = H \times \{e\} \) . The trivial extension is always split, by \(K' = \{e\} \times K \) 
History
92 cards
New: 0Learning: 0Review: 92Relearning: 0Unknown: 0
Review

Abolition of slavery in the British Empire (Slavery Abolition Act)
Event
Answer

Abolition of slavery in the British Empire (Slavery Abolition Act)
Event
1833
Major legal abolition across much of the British Empire (implementation phased).
Review

Ada Lovelace
Person
Answer

Ada Lovelace
Person
10 December 1815
Mathematician often credited with early work on computing.
Review

Airplane (Wright Flyer)
Invention
Answer

Airplane (Wright Flyer)
Invention
1903
First sustained, controlled, powered heavier-than-air flight.
Review

Albert Einstein
Person
Answer

Albert Einstein
Person
14 March 1879
Developed relativity; major influence on modern physics.
Review

Alexander the Great
Person
Answer

Alexander the Great
Person
356 BCE
King of Macedon who created a vast empire across the Eastern Mediterranean and Asia.
Review

American Civil War
War
Answer

American Civil War
War
1861–1865
Participants: Union (United States) vs Confederate States of America.
Review

American Revolutionary War
War
Answer

American Revolutionary War
War
1775–1783
Participants: Thirteen Colonies (United States) & allies vs Great Britain.
Review

Apollo 11 Moon landing
Event
Answer

Apollo 11 Moon landing
Event
20 July 1969
First humans land on the Moon; Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walk on the lunar surface.
Review

ARPANET / early Internet
Invention
Answer

ARPANET / early Internet
Invention
1969
ARPANET’s first message is a milestone in the development of the Internet.
Review

Automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen)
Invention
Answer

Automobile (Benz Patent-Motorwagen)
Invention
1886
Often cited as the first practical modern automobile powered by an internal combustion engine.
Review

Battle of Hastings
Event
Answer

Battle of Hastings
Event
1066
Norman conquest begins; William defeats Harold II.
Review

Birth of the Roman Empire (Augustus becomes first emperor)
Event
Answer

Birth of the Roman Empire (Augustus becomes first emperor)
Event
27 BCE
Octavian is granted the title Augustus; end of Roman Republic.
Review

Black Death in Europe (peak)
Event
Answer

Black Death in Europe (peak)
Event
1347–1351
Pandemic that killed a large share of Europe’s population.
Review

Caesar’s Civil War
War
Answer

Caesar’s Civil War
War
49–45 BCE
Participants: Julius Caesar and his supporters vs Pompey and the Roman Senate faction.
Review

Charlemagne
Person
Answer

Charlemagne
Person
2 April 742
King of the Franks and Emperor; shaped medieval Europe.
Review

Charles Darwin
Person
Answer

Charles Darwin
Person
12 February 1809
Developed theory of evolution by natural selection.
Review

Cleopatra VII
Person
Answer

Cleopatra VII
Person
69 BCE
Last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt.
Review

Code of Hammurabi compiled
Event
Answer

Code of Hammurabi compiled
Event
c. 1754 BCE
One of the best-preserved ancient law codes.
Review

Columbus reaches the Americas (first voyage)
Event
Answer

Columbus reaches the Americas (first voyage)
Event
1492
European arrival in the Americas triggers massive global exchange and colonization.
Review

Confucius
Person
Answer

Confucius
Person
551 BCE
Chinese philosopher whose teachings shaped East Asian ethics and politics.
Review

Cuneiform writing
Invention
Answer

Cuneiform writing
Invention
c. 3200 BCE
One of the earliest known writing systems, used in Mesopotamia.
Review

Dante Alighieri
Person
Answer

Dante Alighieri
Person
c. 1265
Italian poet of the Divine Comedy.
Review

Early agriculture (domestication of plants)
Invention
Answer

Early agriculture (domestication of plants)
Invention
c. 10,000 BCE
Early evidence of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent and other regions marks the shift to settled farming societies.
Review

Early Muslim conquests
War
Answer

Early Muslim conquests
War
632–750
Participants: Rashidun/Umayyad Caliphates vs Byzantine & Sasanian and others.
Review

Electric telegraph (Morse system era)
Invention
Answer

Electric telegraph (Morse system era)
Invention
1837
Telegraphy enabled rapid long-distance communication via electrical signals.
Review

Emancipation Proclamation
Event
Answer

Emancipation Proclamation
Event
1863
Declared freedom for enslaved people in Confederate states in rebellion.
Review

English Civil War
War
Answer

English Civil War
War
1642–1651
Participants: Parliamentarians vs Royalists.
Review

Fall of Constantinople (Ottoman–Byzantine war)
War
Answer

Fall of Constantinople (Ottoman–Byzantine war)
War
1453
Participants: Ottoman Empire vs Byzantine Empire.
Review

Fall of Constantinople
Event
Answer

Fall of Constantinople
Event
1453
Ottomans capture Constantinople; often seen as end of Byzantine Empire.
Review

Fall of the Berlin Wall
Event
Answer

Fall of the Berlin Wall
Event
9 November 1989
Symbolic end of Cold War division in Europe; leads to German reunification.
Review

Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Event
Answer

Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Event
476
Deposition of Romulus Augustulus often marks the end of the Western Roman Empire.
Review

First cities in Mesopotamia (Uruk period)
Event
Answer

First cities in Mesopotamia (Uruk period)
Event
c. 4000–3100 BCE
Urbanization accelerates in Mesopotamia; Uruk becomes a major early city.
Review

First Crusade
War
Answer

First Crusade
War
1096–1099
Participants: Western European crusaders vs Seljuk Turks and other Muslim powers; culminated in capture of Jerusalem.
Review

First modern Olympic Games
Event
Answer

First modern Olympic Games
Event
1896
Revival of the Olympics in Athens.
Review

Founding of Rome (traditional date)
Event
Answer

Founding of Rome (traditional date)
Event
753 BCE
Traditional date for Rome’s founding (historic details debated).
Review

French Revolution begins
Event
Answer

French Revolution begins
Event
1789
Political and social revolution that reshaped France and Europe.
Review

Genghis Khan
Person
Answer

Genghis Khan
Person
c. 1162
Founder of the Mongol Empire (birth year approximate).
Review

George Washington
Person
Answer

George Washington
Person
22 February 1732
First U.S. president.
Review

Göbekli Tepe (early monumental architecture)
Event
Answer

Göbekli Tepe (early monumental architecture)
Event
c. 9600 BCE
One of the earliest known large ritual/monumental sites (approximate dating).
Review

GPS becomes fully operational
Invention
Answer

GPS becomes fully operational
Invention
1995
Global Positioning System provides precise positioning worldwide.
Review

Great Pyramid of Giza completed
Event
Answer

Great Pyramid of Giza completed
Event
c. 2560 BCE
Completion of Khufu’s Great Pyramid, a landmark of ancient engineering (date approximate).
Review

Greco-Persian Wars
War
Answer

Greco-Persian Wars
War
499–449 BCE
Participants: Greek city-states (notably Athens & Sparta) vs the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
Review

Gunpowder
Invention
Answer

Gunpowder
Invention
9th century CE
Invented in China, gunpowder led to firearms and artillery.
Review

Hijra (Muhammad's migration to Medina)
Event
Answer

Hijra (Muhammad's migration to Medina)
Event
622
Marks the start of the Islamic calendar.
Review

Hundred Years' War
War
Answer

Hundred Years' War
War
1337–1453
Participants: Kingdom of England vs Kingdom of France (with allies).
Review

Incandescent light bulb (practical)
Invention
Answer

Incandescent light bulb (practical)
Invention
1879
Practical electric lighting enabled widespread electrification of homes and cities.
Review

Iron smelting (widespread)
Invention
Answer

Iron smelting (widespread)
Invention
c. 1200 BCE
Ironworking spread widely in the early Iron Age, transforming tools and warfare.
Review

Isaac Newton
Person
Answer

Isaac Newton
Person
4 January 1643
Physicist and mathematician; laws of motion and gravitation.
Review

Julius Caesar
Person
Answer

Julius Caesar
Person
12 July 100 BCE
Roman general and statesman; pivotal in the transition from Republic to Empire.
Review

Korean War
War
Answer

Korean War
War
1950–1953
Participants: North Korea & China (and allies) vs South Korea, United Nations Command led by the U.S.
Review

Lascaux cave paintings
Event
Answer

Lascaux cave paintings
Event
c. 17,000 BCE
Famous Paleolithic cave paintings in what is now France (dates approximate).
Review

Leonardo da Vinci
Person
Answer

Leonardo da Vinci
Person
15 April 1452
Renaissance polymath (artist, engineer, scientist).
Review

Magna Carta sealed
Event
Answer

Magna Carta sealed
Event
1215
A foundational document limiting royal power in England.
Review

Magnetic compass
Invention
Answer

Magnetic compass
Invention
c. 206 BCE
The compass enabled reliable navigation and later transformed maritime travel.
Review

Mahatma Gandhi
Person
Answer

Mahatma Gandhi
Person
2 October 1869
Leader of Indian independence movement.
Review

Malala Yousafzai
Person
Answer

Malala Yousafzai
Person
12 July 1997
Pakistani activist for girls' education; Nobel laureate.
Review

Marie Curie
Person
Answer

Marie Curie
Person
7 November 1867
Pioneer in radioactivity; Nobel laureate.
Review

Martin Luther King Jr.
Person
Answer

Martin Luther King Jr.
Person
15 January 1929
U.S. civil rights leader.
Review

Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses
Event
Answer

Martin Luther posts the Ninety-five Theses
Event
1517
A key symbolic start of the Protestant Reformation.
Review

Martin Luther
Person
Answer

Martin Luther
Person
10 November 1483
Key figure in the Protestant Reformation.
Review

Mechanical clock
Invention
Answer

Mechanical clock
Invention
c. 1300
Mechanical clocks enabled more precise timekeeping in Europe.
Review

Microprocessor (Intel 4004)
Invention
Answer

Microprocessor (Intel 4004)
Invention
1971
A CPU on a single chip, accelerating the personal computing revolution.
Review

Mongol conquests (Genghis Khan era begins)
War
Answer

Mongol conquests (Genghis Khan era begins)
War
1206–1279
Participants: Mongol Empire vs many states across Eurasia (Jin, Khwarazmian, Abbasid, etc.).
Review

Movable-type printing (China)
Invention
Answer

Movable-type printing (China)
Invention
c. 1040
Movable type allowed reusable characters for printing texts.
Review

Muhammad
Person
Answer

Muhammad
Person
c. 570 CE
Prophet and founder of Islam (approximate birth year).
Review

Napoleon Bonaparte
Person
Answer

Napoleon Bonaparte
Person
15 August 1769
French military and political leader.
Review

Napoleonic Wars
War
Answer

Napoleonic Wars
War
1803–1815
Participants: First French Empire vs shifting coalitions of European powers.
Review

Nelson Mandela
Person
Answer

Nelson Mandela
Person
18 July 1918
Anti-apartheid leader; President of South Africa.
Review

Paper (early in China)
Invention
Answer

Paper (early in China)
Invention
2nd century BCE
Early paper artifacts appear in China before later standardization of papermaking.
Review

Penicillin discovered
Invention
Answer

Penicillin discovered
Invention
1928
Fleming’s discovery led to antibiotics that saved millions of lives.
Review

Printing press (Gutenberg)
Invention
Answer

Printing press (Gutenberg)
Invention
c. 1450
Mass printing accelerated the spread of literacy and ideas in Europe.
Review

Qin unifies China
Event
Answer

Qin unifies China
Event
221 BCE
Qin Shi Huang completes the unification of China, founding the Qin dynasty.
Review

Rosetta Stone discovered
Event
Answer

Rosetta Stone discovered
Event
1799
Discovered in Egypt by French soldiers; its three scripts (hieroglyphic, Demotic, Greek) enabled decipherment of ancient Egyptian writing.
Review

Russo-Japanese War
War
Answer

Russo-Japanese War
War
1904–1905
Participants: Russian Empire vs Empire of Japan.
Review

Seven Years' War
War
Answer

Seven Years' War
War
1756–1763
Participants: Great Britain & allies vs France & allies (global conflict involving Prussia, Austria, Russia, etc.).
Review

Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Person
Answer

Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)
Person
c. 563 BCE (traditional)
Founder of Buddhism (dates debated; traditional dates shown).
Review

Smallpox vaccination (Jenner)
Invention
Answer

Smallpox vaccination (Jenner)
Invention
1796
Jenner’s method pioneered vaccination and modern immunology.
Review

Smartphone era (iPhone)
Invention
Answer

Smartphone era (iPhone)
Invention
2007
Popularized multi-touch smartphones and modern app ecosystems.
Review

Spinning jenny
Invention
Answer

Spinning jenny
Invention
1764
A multi-spindle spinning frame that boosted textile production during the Industrial Revolution.
Review

Steam engine (Newcomen)
Invention
Answer

Steam engine (Newcomen)
Invention
1712
Early practical steam engines powered pumping and, later, industrial machinery.
Review

Telephone
Invention
Answer

Telephone
Invention
1876
Voice transmission over electrical networks transformed communication.
Review

Telescope
Invention
Answer

Telescope
Invention
1608
Early telescopes revolutionized astronomy; Galileo soon improved and used them for observation.
Review

Thirty Years' War
War
Answer

Thirty Years' War
War
1618–1648
Participants: many European powers; key participants include the Holy Roman Empire/Habsburgs vs various Protestant states, with Sweden and France involved.
Review

Transistor
Invention
Answer

Transistor
Invention
1947
The transistor became a foundational component of modern electronics.
Review

United Nations founded
Event
Answer

United Nations founded
Event
24 October 1945
UN Charter enters into force; a new global intergovernmental organization forms.
Review

Vietnam War
War
Answer

Vietnam War
War
1955–1975
Participants: North Vietnam & Viet Cong vs South Vietnam and the United States and allies.
Review

Viking invasions of England (Great Heathen Army)
War
Answer

Viking invasions of England (Great Heathen Army)
War
865–878
Participants: Viking forces (Danes) vs Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
Review

Wheel
Invention
Answer

Wheel
Invention
c. 3500 BCE
The wheel enabled wheeled vehicles and new forms of transport and machinery.
Review

William Shakespeare
Person
Answer

William Shakespeare
Person
26 April 1564
English playwright and poet.
Review

William the Conqueror
Person
Answer

William the Conqueror
Person
c. 1028
Duke of Normandy who became King of England in 1066.
Review

World War II
War
Answer

World War II
War
1939–1945
Participants: Axis powers vs Allies.
Review

World War I
War
Answer

World War I
War
1914–1918
Participants: Central Powers vs Allied Powers.
Plants
75 cards
New: 0Learning: 0Review: 75Relearning: 0Unknown: 0
Review
Answer
Giant sequoia
Review
Answer
Coast redwood
Review
Answer
Oak
Review
Answer
Maple
Review
Answer
Cedar
Review
Answer
Birch
Review
Answer
Willow
Review
Answer
Baobab
Review
Answer
Banyan
Review
Answer
Olive tree
Review
Answer
Ginkgo biloba
Review
Answer
Eucalyptus
Review
Answer
Mangrove
Review
Answer
Spruce
Review
Answer
Fir
Review
Answer
Chestnut
Review
Answer
Fig tree
Review
Answer
Teak
Review
Answer
Mahogany
Review
Answer
Ash
Review
Answer
Poplar
Review
Answer
Sycamore
Review
Answer
Juniper
Review
Answer
Yew
Review
Answer
Dogwood
Review
Answer
Rose
Review
Answer
Tulip
Review
Answer
Orchid
Review
Answer
Lotus
Review
Answer
Lily
Review
Answer
Daisy
Review
Answer
Daffodil
Review
Answer
Marigold
Review
Answer
Lavender
Review
Answer
Hibiscus
Review
Answer
Peony
Review
Answer
Chrysanthemum
Review
Answer
Poppy
Review
Answer
Iris
Review
Answer
Jasmine
Review
Answer
Magnolia
Review
Answer
Camellia
Review
Answer
Gardenia
Review
Answer
Bluebell
Review
Answer
Snapdragon
Review
Answer
Zinnia
Review
Answer
Begonia
Review
Answer
Petunia
Review
Answer
Foxglove
Review
Answer
Wisteria
Review
Answer
Hydrangea
Review
Answer
Anemone
Review
Answer
Edelweiss
Review
Answer
Morning glory
Review
Answer
Rice
Review
Answer
Barley
Review
Answer
Oats
Review
Answer
Rye
Review
Answer
Cassava
Review
Answer
Sugarcane
Review
Answer
Coffee plant
Review
Answer
Tea plant
Review
Answer
Cocoa tree
Review
Answer
Soybean
Review
Answer
Sundew
Review
Answer
Cycad
Review
Answer
Fern
Review
Answer
Moss
Review
Answer
Horsetail
Review
Answer
Bamboo
Review
Answer
Kelp
Review
Answer
Sea lettuce
Review
Answer
Aloe vera
Review
Answer
Agave
Review
Answer
Rubber tree
Squares
31 cards
New: 0Learning: 0Review: 31Relearning: 0Unknown: 0
Review
\(13^2\)
Answer
\(13^2\)
169
Review
\(14^2\)
Answer
\(14^2\)
196
Review
\(15^2\)
Answer
\(15^2\)
225
Review
\(16^2\)
Answer
\(16^2\)
256
Review
\(17^2\)
Answer
\(17^2\)
289
Review
\(18^2\)
Answer
\(18^2\)
324
Review
\(19^2\)
Answer
\(19^2\)
361
Review
\(21^2\)
Answer
\(21^2\)
441
Review
\(22^2\)
Answer
\(22^2\)
484
Review
\(23^2\)
Answer
\(23^2\)
529
Review
\(24^2\)
Answer
\(24^2\)
576
Review
\(26^2\)
Answer
\(26^2\)
676
Review
\(27^2\)
Answer
\(27^2\)
729
Review
\(28^2\)
Answer
\(28^2\)
784
Review
\(29^2\)
Answer
\(29^2\)
841
Review
\(31^2\)
Answer
\(31^2\)
961
Review
\(32^2\)
Answer
\(32^2\)
1024
Review
\(33^2\)
Answer
\(33^2\)
1089
Review
\(34^2\)
Answer
\(34^2\)
1156
Review
\(36^2\)
Answer
\(36^2\)
1296
Review
\(37^2\)
Answer
\(37^2\)
1369
Review
\(38^2\)
Answer
\(38^2\)
1444
Review
\(39^2\)
Answer
\(39^2\)
1521
Review
\(41^2\)
Answer
\(41^2\)
1681
Review
\(42^2\)
Answer
\(42^2\)
1764
Review
\(43^2\)
Answer
\(43^2\)
1849
Review
\(44^2\)
Answer
\(44^2\)
1936
Review
\(46^2\)
Answer
\(46^2\)
2116
Review
\(47^2\)
Answer
\(47^2\)
2209
Review
\(48^2\)
Answer
\(48^2\)
2304
Review
\(49^2\)
Answer
\(49^2\)
2401
Ultimate Geography
229 cards
New: 98Learning: 0Review: 131Relearning: 0Unknown: 0
Review
?
Location
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Wales
Constituent country of the United Kingdom.
Location
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Location
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Georgia
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Germany
Location
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Greece
Location
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Greenland
Constituent country in the Kingdom of Denmark.
Location
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Hungary
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Albania
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Andorra
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Austria
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Azerbaijan
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Belarus
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Belgium
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Bulgaria
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Croatia
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Czech Republic
Also known as Czechia.
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Denmark
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Estonia
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Finland
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Iceland
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Ireland
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Latvia
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Liechtenstein
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Lithuania
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Luxembourg
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North Macedonia
Formerly known as Macedonia.
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Moldova
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Monaco
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Montenegro
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Netherlands
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Norway
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Poland
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Portugal
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Romania
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Russia
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Serbia
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Slovakia
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Slovenia
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Spain
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Sweden
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Switzerland
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Turkey
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Ukraine
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Armenia
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Kazakhstan
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Egypt
Location
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Algeria
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Location
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Angola
Location
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Benin
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Botswana
Location
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Burkina Faso
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Cameroon
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Burundi
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Location
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Central African Republic
Location
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Location
Answer
Chad
Location
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Location
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Equatorial Guinea
Location
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Location
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Kenya
Location
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Ivory Coast
Officially Côte d'Ivoire.
Location
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Location
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Democratic Republic of the Congo
Formerly Zaire.
Location
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Djibouti
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Guinea-Bissau
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Eritrea
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Ethiopia
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Gabon
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Lesotho
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Liberia
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Madagascar
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Malawi
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Mali
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Mauritania
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Morocco
Location
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Mozambique
Location
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Namibia
Location
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Niger
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Nigeria
Location
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Republic of the Congo
Location
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Rwanda
Location
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Senegal
Location
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Sierra Leone
Location
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South Africa
Location
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Sudan
Location
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Eswatini
Known as Swaziland until 2018.
Location
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Tanzania
Location
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Togo
Location
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Tunisia
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Uganda
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Zambia
Location
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Zimbabwe
Location
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Afghanistan
Location
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Bangladesh
Location
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Bhutan
Location
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China
Location
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Cambodia
Location
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Indonesia
Location
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India
Location
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Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region of China.
Location
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Iran
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Israel
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Iraq
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South Korea
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Location
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North Korea
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Jordan
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Japan
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Lebanon
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Laos
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Kyrgyzstan
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Kuwait
Location
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Myanmar
Also known as Burma.
Location
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Mongolia
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Malaysia
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Oman
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Nepal
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Palestine
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Pakistan
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Qatar
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Saudi Arabia
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Singapore
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Syria
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Taiwan
Partially recognised state claimed by China.
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Sri Lanka
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Tajikistan
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Thailand
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East Timor
Also known as Timor-Leste.
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United Arab Emirates
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Turkmenistan
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Yemen
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Vietnam
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Uzbekistan
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Fiji
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Papua New Guinea
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Australia
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Solomon Islands
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Argentina
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Bolivia
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Brazil
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Chile
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Colombia
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Ecuador
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Guyana
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Paraguay
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Peru
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Suriname
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Uruguay
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Venezuela
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Cook Islands
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Federated States of Micronesia
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Guam
Unincorporated territory of the United States.
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Vanuatu
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Canada
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Puerto Rico
Unincorporated territory of the United States.
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Cuba
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Dominican Republic
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Haiti
Location
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?
Location
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Jamaica
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?
Location
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Trinidad and Tobago
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Bermuda
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
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Guadeloupe
Overseas department of France.
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The Bahamas
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Barbados
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Belize
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Costa Rica
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El Salvador
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Guatemala
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Honduras
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Nicaragua
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Panama
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Antigua and Barbuda
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Dominica
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Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
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Somalia
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Zanzibar
Semi-autonomous region of Tanzania.
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Ghana
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Guinea
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New Zealand
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French Polynesia
Overseas territory of France.
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Philippines
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Kosovo
Partially recognised state claimed by Serbia.
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Libya
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Palau
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Saint Lucia
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Bali
Island of Indonesia.
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Grenada
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British Virgin Islands
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
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Turks and Caicos Islands
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
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Cayman Islands
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
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Pacific Ocean
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Atlantic Ocean
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Indian Ocean
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Arctic Ocean
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Hudson Bay
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Labrador Sea
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White Sea
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Denmark Strait
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Norwegian Sea
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Baltic Sea
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Celtic Sea
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English Channel
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Adriatic Sea
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Bay of Biscay
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Black Sea
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Aegean Sea
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Balkan Peninsula
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Caspian Sea
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Mediterranean Sea
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East Siberian Sea
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Bering Strait
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Arabian Sea
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Red Sea
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Dead Sea
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Bay of Bengal
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Sea of Japan
A naming dispute exists between the sea's bordering countries, with South Korea notably supporting the name East Sea.
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Yellow Sea
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Coral Sea
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South China Sea
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Tasman Sea
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Gulf of Carpentaria
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Aral Sea
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Persian Gulf
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Caribbean Sea
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Gulf of California
Also known as the Sea of Cortez.
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Polynesia
Subregion of Oceania comprising thousands of small islands in the central and southern Pacific Ocean.
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Melanesia
Subregion of Oceania, which includes the four countries of Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, Fiji, and Papua New Guinea.
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Scandinavia
Historical and cultural region in Northern Europe, which includes the countries of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and sometimes Finland and Iceland.
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Sea of Galilee
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Sumatra
Island of Indonesia.
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Sicily
Autonomous region of Italy.
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Mayotte
Overseas department of France.
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Réunion
Overseas department of France.
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Falkland Islands
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom.
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